Processor manufacturer and model	Architecture type for Fedora
Intel (except Atom 230, Atom 330, Core 2 Duo, Centrino Core2 Duo, and recent vintage Xeon); AMD (except Athlon 64, Athlon x2, Sempron 64, and Opteron); VIA C3, C7	`i386`
Intel Atom 230, Atom 330, Core 2 Duo, Centrino Core 2 Duo, and Xeon; AMD Athlon 64, Athlon x2, Sempron64, and Opteron; Apple MacBook, MacBook Pro, and MacBook Air	`x86_64`
Apple Macintosh G3, G4, G5, PowerBook, and other non-Intel models	`ppc`

Media type	File locations
DVD 上的完整套件	`fedora/linux/releases/11/Fedora/arch/iso/Fedora-11-arch-DVD.iso`
实时映像	`fedora/linux/releases/11/Live/arch/iso/Fedora-11-arch-Live.iso`, `fedora/linux/releases/11/Live/arch/iso/Fedora-11-KDE-arch-Live.iso`
小容量启动光盘	`fedora/linux/releases/11/Fedora/arch/os/images/boot.iso`

部分 I. Before you begin

This part of the Fedora Installation Guide covers decisions that you should make and resources that you should gather before installing Fedora, including:

the decision whether to upgrade an existing installation of Fedora or install a new copy.
hardware considerations, and hardware details that you may need during installation.
preparing to install Fedora over a network.
preparing driver media.

3.4.1. 其它引导方法
3.4.2. 制作安装引导光盘

3.5. 筹备网络安装

3.5.1. 筹备 FTP 和 HTTP 安装
3.5.2. 筹备 NFS 安装

3.6. 筹备硬盘驱动器安装

4. System Specifications List

5. 用于 Intel 或 AMD 系统的驱动介质

5.1. 为什么需要驱动程序盘

5.2. 驱动程序介质到底是什么？

5.3. 如何获取驱动程序介质

5.3.1. 根据映像文件创建驱动程序盘

5.4. 在安装过程中使用驱动程序映像

3.5. 筹备网络安装

3.5.1. 筹备 FTP 和 HTTP 安装
3.5.2. 筹备 NFS 安装

3.6. 筹备硬盘驱动器安装

3.1. 选择升级还是安装？

到底是升级还是安装，请参考第 18 章 升级你当前的系统。

3.2. 您的硬件兼容吗？

Hardware compatibility is particularly important if you have an older system or a system that you built yourself. Fedora 11 should be compatible with most hardware in systems that were factory built within the last two years. However, hardware specifications change almost daily, so it is difficult to guarantee that your hardware is 100% compatible.

The most recent list of supported hardware can be found in the Release Notes for Fedora 11, available at http://docs.fedoraproject.org/release-notes .

3.3. 你有足够的磁盘空间吗？

Nearly every modern-day operating system (OS) uses disk partitions, and Fedora is no exception. When you install Fedora, you may have to work with disk partitions. If you have not worked with disk partitions before (or need a quick review of the basic concepts), refer to 附录 A, 磁盘分区简介 before proceeding.

The disk space used by Fedora must be separate from the disk space used by other OSes you may have installed on your system, such as Windows, OS/2, or even a different version of Linux. For x86, AMD64, and Intel® 64 systems, at least two partitions (/ and swap) must be dedicated to Fedora.

在开始安装进程之前，你必须：

have enough unpartitioned^[1] disk space for the installation of Fedora, or
have one or more partitions that may be deleted, thereby freeing up enough disk space to install Fedora.

要更清楚地了解您真正需要多少空间，请参阅第 7.21.4 节 “推荐的分区方案” 中所讨论的推荐分区大小。

If you are not sure that you meet these conditions, or if you want to know how to create free disk space for your Fedora installation, refer to 附录 A, 磁盘分区简介.

3.4. 您可以使用光盘安装吗？

There are several methods that can be used to install Fedora.

Installing from a CD-ROM or DVD requires that you have a Fedora 11 CD-ROM or DVD, and you have a DVD/CD-ROM drive on a system that supports booting from it.

你的 BIOS 可能需要修改为从 DVD/CD-ROM 驱动器启动。关于修改 BIOS 的更多信息，请参阅第 7.3.1 节 “Booting the Installation Program on x86, AMD64, and Intel 64 Systems”。

3.4.1. 其它引导方法

引导 DVD/CD-ROM

如果您可以使用光盘驱动器启动，您可能需要创建您自己的光盘来启动安装程序。如果您需要通过网络或从一个硬盘上进行安装，创建您自己的光盘就将非常有用。请参阅第 3.4.2 节 “制作安装引导光盘” 来获得更详细的说明。

USB pen 驱动器

如果你无法从光盘驱动器引导，但是可以使用 USB 设备（如 USB pen 驱动器）引导，你可以使用以下的引导方法：

要使用 USB pen 驱动器，使用 dd 命令复制 CD-ROM ＃1 中的 /images/ 目录中的 diskboot.img 映像文件。如：

dd if=diskboot.img of=/dev/sda

你的 BIOS 必须支持从 USB 设备引导才能使这个引导方法奏效。

3.4.2. 制作安装引导光盘

The images/ directory on the installation DVD contains the boot.iso file. This file is an image of a disc that you can burn to a CD and use to boot the installation program. To use this boot CD, your computer must be able to boot from its CD-ROM drive, and its BIOS settings must be configured to do so.

Choose an option to burn a CD from an image

When you burn the boot.iso image, make sure that you select the option to burn an image file to disc in your CD burning software. The exact wording of this option varies, depending on the software that you use, but should contain the word "image". Note that not all CD burning software includes this option. In particular, the CD burning software built into Microsoft Windows XP and Windows Vista does not offer this capability. There are many programs available that add this capability to Windows operating systems; Infrarecorder is a free and open-source example available from http://www.infrarecorder.org/.

3.5. 筹备网络安装

Note

如果你执行的是基于网络的安装，请确定安装光盘（或其它类型的光盘）不在系统的光盘驱动器内。否则可能会导致预计不到的错误。

The Fedora installation media must be available for either a network installation (via NFS, FTP, or HTTP) or installation via local storage. Use the following steps if you are performing an NFS, FTP, or HTTP installation.

通过网络安装所要使用的 NFS、FTP、HTTP 服务器必须是一台能够提供安装光盘上的完整内容的单独机器。

Note

The Fedora installation program has the ability to test the integrity of the installation media. It works with the CD / DVD, hard drive ISO, and NFS ISO installation methods. We recommend that you test all installation media before starting the installation process, and before reporting any installation-related bugs (many of the bugs reported are actually due to improperly-burned CDs). To use this test, type the following command at the boot: prompt:

linux mediacheck

Note

In the following examples, the directory on the installation staging server that will contain the installation files will be specified as /location/of/disk/space. The directory that will be made publicly available via FTP, NFS, or HTTP will be specified as /publicly/available/directory. For example, /location/of/disk/space may be a directory you create called /var/isos. /publicly/available/directory might be /var/www/html/f11, for an HTTP install.

要从安装光盘中把文件复制到充当安装服务器的机器上，执行以下步骤：

Create an iso image from the installation disk(s) using the following command (for DVDs):
dd if=/dev/dvd of=/location/of/disk/space/f11.iso
这里的 dvd 指的是 DVD 驱动设备：
For instructions on how to prepare a network installation using CD-ROMs, refer to the instructions on the README-en file in disk1.

3.5.1. 筹备 FTP 和 HTTP 安装

Extract the files from the iso image of the installation DVD or the iso images of the installation CDs and place them in a directory that is shared over FTP or HTTP.

Next, make sure that the directory is shared via FTP or HTTP, and verify client access. You can check to see whether the directory is accessible from the server itself, and then from another machine on the same subnet that you will be installing to.

3.5.2. 筹备 NFS 安装

对于 NFS 安装来说，没有必要挂载 iso 映像。使 iso 映像通过 NFS 可用就足够了。你可以把 iso 映像移到 NFS 的输出目录来使它可用。

For DVD:
mv /location/of/disk/space/f11.iso /publicly/available/directory/
For CDROMs:
mv /location/of/disk/space/f11-disk*.iso /publicly/available/directory/

Ensure that the /publicly/available/directory directory is exported via NFS via an entry in /etc/exports.

要输出到指定的系统：

/publicly/available/directory client.ip.address(ro,no_root_squash)

要输出到所有系统里，使用如下的设置：

/publicly/available/directory *(ro,no_root_squash)

Start the NFS daemon (on a Fedora system, use /sbin/service nfs start). If NFS is already running, reload the configuration file (on a Fedora system use /sbin/service nfs reload).

3.6. 筹备硬盘驱动器安装

Hard drive installations require the use of the ISO (or DVD/CD-ROM) images. An ISO image is a file containing an exact copy of a DVD/CD-ROM image. After placing the required ISO images (the binary Fedora DVD/CD-ROMs) in a directory, choose to install from the hard drive. You can then point the installation program at that directory to perform the installation.

要筹备系统进行硬盘驱动器安装，你必须使用以下方法之一来设置系统：

使用一组光盘集合 — 从每个安装光盘（或 DVD）中创建光盘 ISO 映像文件。对于每个光盘，在 Linux 系统上执行以下命令（对于 DVD 只执行一次）：
```
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=/tmp/file-name.iso
```
使用 ISO 映像 — 把这些映像传输到要安装的系统上。
在试图安装前，请校验 ISO 映像的完整性。这会帮助你避免硬盘安装过程中经常会遇到的问题。要在执行安装前校验 ISO 映像的完整性，请使用 md5sum 程序（该程序有适用于各类操作系统的版本）。md5sum 程序应该可以在提供 ISO 映像的同一服务器上找到。

Note

linux mediacheck

Additionally, if a file called updates.img exists in the location from which you install, it is used for updates to anaconda, the installation program. Refer to the file install-methods.txt in the anaconda RPM package for detailed information on the various ways to install Fedora, as well as how to apply the installation program updates.

^[1] Unpartitioned disk space means that available disk space on the hard drive(s) you are installing to has not been divided into sections for data. When you partition a disk, each partition behaves like a separate disk drive.

第 4 章 System Specifications List

The installation program automatically detects and installs your computer's hardware. Although you should make sure that your hardware meets the minimum requirements to install Fedora (refer to 第 3.2 节 “您的硬件兼容吗？”) you do not usually need to supply the installation program with any specific details about your system.

However, when performing certain types of installation, some specific details might be useful or even essential.

If you plan to use a customized partition layout, record:
- The model numbers, sizes, types, and interfaces of the hard drives attached to the system. For example, Seagate ST3320613AS 320 GB on SATA0, Western Digital WD7500AAKS 750 GB on SATA1. This will allow you to identify specific hard drives during the partitioning process.
If you are installing Fedora as an additional operating system on an existing system, record:
- The mount points of the existing partitions on the system. For example, /boot on sda1, / on sda2, and /home on sdb1. This will allow you to identify specific partitions during the partitioning process.
If you plan to install from an image on a local hard drive:
- The hard drive and directory that holds the image – see 表 7.2 “不同分区类型的ISO镜像位置” for examples.
If you plan to install from a network location, or install on an iSCSI target:
- The make and model numbers of the network adapters on your system. For example, Netgear GA311. This will allow you to identify adapters when manually configuring the network.
- IP、DHCP 和 BOOTP 地址
- Netmask
- Gateway IP address
- One or more name server IP addresses (DNS)
如果你不熟悉以上的联网需求或术语，请联系你的网络管理员。
If you plan to install from a network location:
- The location of the image on an FTP server, HTTP (web) server, or NFS server – see 第 7.9 节 “Installing via FTP or HTTP” and 第 7.8 节 “通过 NFS 安装” for examples.
If you plan to install on an iSCSI target:
- The location of the iSCSI target. Depending on your network, you might also need a CHAP username and password, and perhaps a reverse CHAP username and password – see 第 7.19 节 “Advanced Storage Options ”.
If your computer is part of a domain:
- You should verify that the domain name will be supplied by the DHCP server. If not, you will need to input the domain name manually during installation.

第 5 章用于 Intel® 或 AMD 系统的驱动介质

5.1. 为什么需要驱动程序盘

5.2. 驱动程序介质到底是什么？

5.3. 如何获取驱动程序介质

5.3.1. 根据映像文件创建驱动程序盘

5.4. 在安装过程中使用驱动程序映像

5.1. 为什么需要驱动程序盘

While the Fedora installation program is loading, a screen may appear asking you for driver media. The driver media screen is most often seen in the following scenarios:

There is no driver available for a piece of hardware that is necessary for installation to proceed.
If you run the installation program by entering linux dd at the installation boot prompt.

5.2. 驱动程序介质到底是什么？

驱动程序介质能够为安装程序可能支持也可能不支持的硬件添加支持。它可以是由红帽制作的驱动软盘或者映像文件，也可以根据在互联网上发现的驱动程序自制，还可以是硬件制造商配给硬件的软盘或光盘。

Driver media is used if you need access to a particular device to install Fedora. Drivers can be used for non-standard, very new, or uncommon devices.

Note

If an unsupported device is not needed to install Fedora on your system, continue with the installation and add support for the new piece of hardware once the installation is complete.

5.3. 如何获取驱动程序介质

Driver images may be available from a hardware or software vendor's website. If you suspect that your system may require one of these drivers, you should create a driver diskette or CD-ROM before beginning your Fedora installation.

Note

你还可能通过一个网络文件来使用驱动程序映像。你可以使用 linux dd=url 命令来替代 linux dd 引导命令，其中的 url 是驱动程序映像所在的 HTTP、FTP、或 NFS 地址。

5.3.1. 根据映像文件创建驱动程序盘

To create a driver diskette from a driver diskette image using Linux:

Insert a blank, formatted diskette into the first diskette drive.
在含有驱动程序盘映像（如：drvnet.img）的同一目录下，以根用户身份键入 dd if=drvnet.img of=/dev/fd0 。

Note

The installation program supports using an external flash drive as a way to add driver images during the installation process. The best way to do this is to mount the flash drive and copy the desired driverdisk.img onto the flash drive. For example:

dd if=driverdisk.img of=/dev/sda

然后，你会在安装的过程中被提示选择要使用的分区和文件。

5.4. 在安装过程中使用驱动程序映像

如果你需要使用驱动程序映像，例如在 PCMCIA 设备或 NFS 安装过程中，安装程序会在需要时提示你插入驱动程序（磁盘、光盘或文件名称）。

For example, to specifically load a driver diskette that you have created, begin the installation process by booting from the Fedora DVD (or using boot media you have created). For x86-based systems, at the boot: prompt, enter linux dd if using an x86 or x86-64 system. Refer to 第 7.3.1 节 “Booting the Installation Program on x86, AMD64, and Intel 64 Systems” for details on booting the installation program.

The installation program asks you to insert the driver diskette. Once the driver diskette is read by the installation program, it can apply those drivers to hardware discovered on your system later in the installation process.

部分 II. The installation process

This part of the Fedora Installation Guide details the installation process itself, from various methods of booting the installer up to the point where the computer must restart to finalize the installation. This part of the manual also includes a chapter on troubleshooting problems with the installation process.

6.3.1. 正在检查 Live CD
6.3.2. 正在检查 DVD

6.4. 使用 PXE 从网络启动

6.5. 图形和文本界面

7. Installing on Intel and AMD Systems

7.1. The Graphical Installation Program User Interface

7.1.1. A Note about Virtual Consoles

7.2. 文本模式安装程序用户界面

7.2.1. 使用键盘来导航

7.3. Starting the Installation Program

7.3.1. Booting the Installation Program on x86, AMD64, and Intel 64 Systems
7.3.2. Additional Boot Options

7.4. 选择安装方法

7.5. 从光盘中安装

7.5.1. 如果没有发现 IDE 光盘怎么办？

7.6. 从硬盘安装

7.7. 执行网络安装

7.8. 通过 NFS 安装

7.9. Installing via FTP or HTTP

7.10. 欢迎使用

7.11. Language Selection

7.12. Keyboard Configuration

7.13. Initializing the Hard Disk

7.14. 升级已有的系统

7.14.1. 升级检测
7.14.2. 使用安装程序升级
7.14.3. 更新引导加载程序

7.15. Network Configuration

7.15.1. Manual configuration

7.16. 时区配置

7.17. 设置根密码

7.18. Disk Partitioning Setup

7.18.1. RAID and Other Disk Devices

7.19. Advanced Storage Options

7.20. Create Default Layout

7.21. 为您的系统分区

7.21.1. 硬盘的图形化表示
7.21.2. The partitioning screen
7.21.3. 分区字段
7.21.4. 推荐的分区方案
7.21.5. 添加分区
7.21.6. 编辑分区
7.21.7. 删除分区

7.22. x86、AMD64 和 Intel 64 系统的引导装载程序（Boot Loader）的配置

7.22.1. 高级引导装载程序配置
7.22.2. Rescue Mode
7.22.3. 其它可选的引导装载程序

7.23. Package Group Selection

7.23.1. Installing from Additional Repositories
7.23.2. Customizing the Software Selection

7.24. 准备安装

7.24.1. 准备安装

7.25. Installing Packages

7.26. 安装完成

8. 在 Intel 或 AMD 系统上进行安装的故障解除

8.1. You are unable to boot Fedora

8.1.1. 无法使用 RAID 卡来引导
8.1.2. 系统显示了信号 11 错误

8.2. 安装起始部分的问题

8.2.1. Problems with Booting into the Graphical Installation

8.3. 安装过程中的问题

8.3.1. No devices found to install Fedora Error Message
8.3.2. Saving traceback messages without removeable media
8.3.3. Trouble with Partition Tables
8.3.4. 使用剩余空间
8.3.5. 其它分区问题
8.3.6. 看到 Python 错误

8.4. 安装后的问题

8.4.1. 在 x86 系统的 GRUB 图形化屏幕中遇到问题
8.4.2. 引导入图形环境
8.4.3. 引导入 X 窗口系统（GUI）的问题
8.4.4. X 服务器崩溃和非根用户的问题
8.4.5. 登录时的问题
8.4.6. 你的内存不能够被识别吗？
8.4.7. 您的打印机无法工作
8.4.8. 配置声卡遇到问题
8.4.9. 基于 Apache httpd 的服务/Sendmail 在启动时挂起

第 6 章开始安装

6.1. 启动选单

6.2. 从另一个不同的源安装

6.3. 正在检查介质

6.3.1. 正在检查 Live CD
6.3.2. 正在检查 DVD

6.4. 使用 PXE 从网络启动

6.5. 图形和文本界面

取消安装

To abort the installation, either press Ctrl +Alt+Del or power off your computer with the power switch. You may abort the installation process without consequence at any time prior to selecting Write changes to disk on the Write partitioning to disk screen. Fedora makes no permanent changes to your computer until that point. Please be aware that stopping the installation after partitioning has begun can leave your computer unusable.

启动媒体会显示一个图形的启动选单。如果您在 60 秒内没有按下任何键，那么预设的选项将会执行，也可以直接按下 Enter 来执行预设的选项。如果要使用不同的选项，请使用键盘上的方向键来操作，当完成后按下 Enter 键。如果您想自订启动选项，请按下 Tab 键。

启动选项

取得一份启动选项的列表，请访问第 9 章 启动选项。

When using Fedora Live media, press any key during the initial boot countdown to bring up the Boot Options menu. The boot options include:

启动
这是预设的选项。如果您选择这个选项，就只有核心和用于启动的程序会载入记忆体，所以启动的时间会较少。但启动其他程序会使用较多的时间来载入。这个选项可用于记忆体容量小的电脑。
校验并启动
这个选项在您启动光盘之前先验证光盘的完整性。请参考第 6.3 节 “正在检查介质” 以获得更多资料。
内存测试
这个选项将在你系统上运行彻底的内存测试。要获得更多信息，参考第 9.6.1 节 “加载内存 (RAM) 检测模式”。
从本地驱动盘启动
该选项从第一个已安装磁盘上启动系统。如果你偶然启动了本光盘，使用该选项可立即从硬盘启动而不启动安装程序。

如果您是从 DVD，救援光盘或小容量的启动媒体启动，会包含以下的选项：

安装或升级已有的系统
该选项为默认。选择该选项将使用图形安装程序安装 Fedora 到你的计算机系统。
以基本显卡驱动安装系统
This option allows you to install Fedora in graphical mode even if the installation program is unable to load the correct driver for your video card. If your screen appears distorted or goes blank when using the the Install or upgrade an existing system option, restart your computer and try this option instead.
救援已安装系统
选择这个选项将用你已安装的(但无法正常启动的) Fedora 系统修复某个问题。尽管 Fedora 是一个具有优越稳定性的计算平台，仍然有可能偶尔的发生无法启动的情况。这个救援环境包含允许你修复大部分此类问题的工具程序。
从本地驱动盘启动
(as for Live CD)
内存测试
(as for Live CD)

6.2. 从另一个不同的源安装

All boot media except the distribution DVD present a menu that allows you to choose the installation source, such as the network or a hard disk. If you are booting the distribution DVD and do not want to install from the DVD, hit Tab at the boot menu. Add a space and the option linux askmethod to the end of the line that appears below the menu.

你可以通过存放在硬盘上的 ISO 映像文件，或使用 NFS， FTP，或 HTTP 模式的某个网络来安装 Fedora。有经验的用户经常使用以上方法中的一种，因为从硬盘或网络服务器中读取数据要比从光盘或 DVD 盘中快。

下列表格会简要介绍不同的引导模式及每一个推荐的安装方式：

Boot method	安装方法
DVD	DVD，网络，或硬盘
最小的启动光盘或 U 盘，救援光盘	网络或硬盘
Live CD 或 U 盘	安装到硬盘程序

表 6.1. Boot methods and installation methods

第 7.4 节 “选择安装方法” contains detailed information about installing from alternate locations.

6.3. 正在检查介质

分发的 DVD 介质和 Live 光盘介质提供一个选项以检查介质的完整性。当在家用电脑设备创建光盘或 DVD 介质时有时会发生刻录错误。安装程序选定的软件包数据中的某个错误可能将导致安装失败。要最小化数据错误而影响安装的机率，请在安装前检查介质。

6.3.1. 正在检查 Live CD

如果你从 Live 光盘启动，从启动菜单选择 校验并启动。校验过程在启动过程中自动运行，如果校验成功，Live 光盘将继续加载。如果校验失败，用你先前下载的 ISO 映像创建一个新的 Live 光盘。

6.3.2. 正在检查 DVD

如果你从 Fedora 分发的 DVD 引导，在你选择安装 Fedora 之后会出现检验介质的选项。如果校验成功，安装过程将正常进行。如果失败，请用你之前下载的 ISO 映像创建一张新的 DVD。

6.4. 使用 PXE 从网络启动

To boot with PXE, you need a properly configured server, and a network interface in your computer that supports PXE. For information on how to configure a PXE server, refer to 第 11 章 配置一个安装服务器.

配置计算机为从网络接口启动。这个选项在 BIOS 中，可能被标记为 Network Boot 或 Boot Services。一旦您正确地配置了 PXE 启动，电脑将不需要其他介质启动 Fedora 安装系统。

要通过 PXE 服务器启动计算机：

确认网络电缆已插好。网卡的连接指示灯会亮起，即使计算机没有打开电源。
打开计算机电源。
接下来会出现一个菜单屏幕。按下相应于所需要的选项的数字键。

PXE 出错处理

如果您的计算机没有从网络服务器启动，检查 BIOS 是否配置为从正确的网络接口启动。一些 BIOS 将网络接口标记为可能的启动设备，但是并不支持 PXE 标准。查看您的硬件手册来获取更多信息。

多重NICs和PXE安装

Some servers with multiple network interfaces may not assign eth0 to the first network interface as BIOS knows it, which can cause the installer to try using a different network interface than was used by PXE. To change this behavior, use the following in pxelinux.cfg/* config files:

IPAPPEND 2

APPEND ksdevice=bootif

The configuration options above causes the installer to use the same network interface as BIOS and PXE use. You can also use the following option:

ksdevice=link

This option causes the installer to use the first network device it finds that is linked to a network switch.

6.5. 图形和文本界面

Fedora 11 supports graphical and text-based installations. However, the installer image must either fit in RAM or appear on local storage, such as the installation DVD or Live Media. Therefore, only systems with more than 192 MB of RAM or that boot from the installation DVD or Live Media can use the graphical installer. Systems with 192 MB RAM or less automatically scale back to using the text-based installer. Note that you must still have a minimum of 64 MB of RAM for installation to proceed in text mode. If you prefer to use the text-based installer, type linux text at the boot: prompt.

如果发生下列状况之一，安装程序将使用文本模式：

安装无法识别您系统中的显示硬件。
你电脑的内存少于 192 MB。
从启动菜单中选择文本模式安装

The text screens provide most of the same functions as the standard screens, although disk partitioning is simplified, and bootloader configuration and package selection are handled automatically in text mode. If you choose to install Fedora in text mode, you can still configure your system to use a graphical interface after installation.

使用图形界面

Installing in text mode does not prevent you from using a graphical interface on your system once it is installed. If you have trouble configuring your system for graphical interface use, consult other sources for troubleshooting help as shown in 第 1.2 节 “取得更多的帮助”.

安装过程至少需要64MB内存

如果您的计算机不足64MB内存，安装将停止。

第 7 章 Installing on Intel® and AMD Systems

7.1. The Graphical Installation Program User Interface

7.1.1. A Note about Virtual Consoles

7.2. 文本模式安装程序用户界面

7.2.1. 使用键盘来导航

7.3. Starting the Installation Program

7.3.1. Booting the Installation Program on x86, AMD64, and Intel 64 Systems
7.3.2. Additional Boot Options

7.4. 选择安装方法

7.5. 从光盘中安装

7.5.1. 如果没有发现 IDE 光盘怎么办？

7.6. 从硬盘安装

7.7. 执行网络安装

7.8. 通过 NFS 安装

7.9. Installing via FTP or HTTP

7.10. 欢迎使用

7.11. Language Selection

7.12. Keyboard Configuration

7.13. Initializing the Hard Disk

7.14. 升级已有的系统

7.14.1. 升级检测
7.14.2. 使用安装程序升级
7.14.3. 更新引导加载程序

7.15. Network Configuration

7.15.1. Manual configuration

7.16. 时区配置

7.17. 设置根密码

7.18. Disk Partitioning Setup

7.18.1. RAID and Other Disk Devices

7.19. Advanced Storage Options

7.20. Create Default Layout

7.21. 为您的系统分区

7.21.1. 硬盘的图形化表示
7.21.2. The partitioning screen
7.21.3. 分区字段
7.21.4. 推荐的分区方案
7.21.5. 添加分区
7.21.6. 编辑分区
7.21.7. 删除分区

7.22. x86、AMD64 和 Intel 64 系统的引导装载程序（Boot Loader）的配置

7.22.1. 高级引导装载程序配置
7.22.2. Rescue Mode
7.22.3. 其它可选的引导装载程序

7.23. Package Group Selection

7.23.1. Installing from Additional Repositories
7.23.2. Customizing the Software Selection

7.24. 准备安装

7.24.1. 准备安装

7.25. Installing Packages

7.26. 安装完成

This chapter explains how to perform a Fedora installation from the DVD/CD-ROM, using the graphical, mouse-based installation program. The following topics are discussed:

逐渐熟悉安装程序的用户界面
启动安装程序
选择安装方法
安装中的配置步骤（语言、键盘、鼠标、分区等等）
结束安装

7.1. The Graphical Installation Program User Interface

如果你从前使用过图形化用户界面（graphical user interface，GUI），你对这一进程会比较熟悉；你只需使用鼠标在屏幕间翻阅，“点击”按钮，或者输入文本字段。

你还可以使用键盘在安装中浏览各屏幕。Tab键允许你在屏幕中移动；上下箭头键允许你在列表中移动；+和-符号键允许你扩展或紧缩列表；Space和Enter键选择或取消选择被突出显示的项目。你还可以使用 Alt+X 键组合来点击按钮或选择其它屏幕，这里的 X 代表屏幕中带下划线的字母。

Note

If you are using an x86, AMD64, or Intel® 64 system, and you do not wish to use the GUI installation program, the text mode installation program is also available. To start the text mode installation program, press the Esc key while the Fedora boot menu is displayed, then use the following command at the boot: prompt:

linux text

Refer to 第 6.1 节 “启动选单” for a description of the Fedora boot menu and to 第 7.2 节 “文本模式安装程序用户界面” for a brief overview of text mode installation instructions.

It is highly recommended that installs be performed using the GUI installation program. The GUI installation program offers the full functionality of the Fedora installation program, including LVM configuration which is not available during a text mode installation.

必须使用文本模式安装程序的用户可以遵循图形化安装说明来获得所需信息。

7.1.1. A Note about Virtual Consoles

The Fedora installation program offers more than the dialog boxes of the installation process. Several kinds of diagnostic messages are available to you, as well as a way to enter commands from a shell prompt. The installation program displays these messages on five virtual consoles, among which you can switch using a single keystroke combination.

虚拟控制台是非图形化环境中的 shell 提示，从物理机器中而不是远程地进入。你可以同时进入多个虚拟控制台。

These virtual consoles can be helpful if you encounter a problem while installing Fedora. Messages displayed on the installation or system consoles can help pinpoint a problem. Refer to 表 7.1 “控制台，击键，和内容” for a listing of the virtual consoles, keystrokes used to switch to them, and their contents.

一般来说，除非你试图诊断安装问题，你没有理由离开默认的控制台（图形化安装是第六号虚拟控制台）。

终端	击键	内容
1	ctrl+alt+f1	installation dialog
2	ctrl+alt+f2	shell提示符
3	ctrl+alt+f3	安装日志(安装程序的信息)
4	ctrl+alt+f4	系统相关信息
5	ctrl+alt+f5	其它信息
6	ctrl+alt+f6	图形化显示

表 7.1. 控制台，击键，和内容

7.2. 文本模式安装程序用户界面

注意

Graphical installation remains the recommended method for installing Fedora. If you are installing Fedora on a system that lacks a graphical display, consider performing the installation over a VNC connection – see 第 12 章 Installing Through VNC.

如果您的系统有图形化显示，但是图形化安装失败，请尝试用xdriver=vesa选项启动–；参考第 9 章 启动选项

The Fedora text mode installation program uses a screen-based interface that includes most of the on-screen widgets commonly found on graphical user interfaces. 图 7.1 “在「引导装载程序配置」中所见的安装程序控件”, and 图 7.2 “Installation Program Widgets as seen in the partitioning screen”, illustrate the screens that appear during the installation process.

The cursor is used to select (and interact with) a particular widget. As the cursor is moved from widget to widget, it may cause the widget to change color, or the cursor itself may only appear positioned in or next to the widget.

Note

While text mode installations are not explicitly documented, those using the text mode installation program can easily follow the GUI installation instructions. However, because text mode presents you with a simpler, more streamlined insatallation process, certain options that are available in graphical mode are not also available in text mode. These differences are noted in the description of the installation process in this guide, and include:

customizing the partition layout.
customizing the bootloader configuration.
selecting packages during installation.

Note also that manipulation of LVM (Logical Volume Management) disk volumes is only possible in graphical mode. In text mode it is only possible to view and accept the default LVM setup.

Note

Not every language supported in graphical installation mode is also supported in text mode. Specifically, languages written with a character set other than the Latin or Cyrillic alphabets are not available in text mode. If you choose a language written with a character set that is not supported in text mode, the installation program will present you with the English versions of the screens.

在「引导装载程序配置」中所见的安装程序控件

图 7.1. 在「引导装载程序配置」中所见的安装程序控件

Legend

窗口 — 在整个安装进程中，你会不时地在屏幕上看到窗口（本书中通常把它称为对话框，dialog）。有时，一个窗口会重叠在另一个窗口之上；在这种情况下，你只能与最上面的窗口交流。当该窗口使用完毕，它就会消失，允许你继续使用下面的窗口。
复选箱 — 复选箱允许你选择或取消选择某项功能。箱内要么显示一个星号（已选），要么是一个空格（未选）。当光标位于复选箱内，按 Space 键来选择一个未选的功能或取消一个已选的功能。
文本输入行 — 文本输入行是你可以输入安装程序所要求信息的区域。当光标停在文本输入行时，你可以在那一行中输入并（或）编辑信息。

Installation Program Widgets as seen in the partitioning screen

图 7.2. Installation Program Widgets as seen in the partitioning screen

Legend

文本构件 — 文本构件是屏幕上用于显示文本的区域。有时，文本构件可能还会含有其它构件，如复选箱。如果文本构件所含的信息超出为它保留的空间所能显示的，一个滚动条就会出现；如果你将光标定位于文本构件之内，你可以使用向上和向下 箭头键来在所有信息中上下滚动。你在滚动条上的当前位置被显示为一个 # 字符，它会在你拖拉滚动条时移上移下。
滚动条 — 滚动条出现在窗口的侧面或底部，它用来控制窗框内显示的文档或列表部分。滚动条使你能够轻而易举地查看文件的任意部分。
按钮构件 — 按钮构件是与安装程序交流的主要方法。通过 Tab 键和 Enter 键使用这些按钮，你可在安装程序的屏幕中逐步推进。当按钮被突出显示时，它们可以被选择。

7.2.1. 使用键盘来导航

在安装对话框之间的切换是通过一组简单的击键来达到的。要移动光标，使用 向左、向右、向上、和向下箭头键。使用 Tab 和 Shift-Tab 键来在屏幕上的每个构件间向前或向后循环。多数屏幕在底部显示了一个可用光标定位键的摘要。

要“按”一个按钮，将光标定位在按钮之上（例如，使用 Tab 键），然后按 Space 或 Enter 键。要从一列项目中选择一项，将光标移至你要选择的项目，然后按 Enter 键。要选择一个带复选箱的项目，将光标移至复选箱内，然后按 Space 键来选择这个项目。要取消选择，再按一次 Space 键。

按 F12 来接受当前值，并继续到下一个对话框；这相当于按「确定」按钮。

Warning

除非一个对话框在等待你的输入，在安装进程中不要随意按键（这么做可能会导致无法预料的行为）。

7.3. Starting the Installation Program

To start, first make sure that you have all necessary resources for the installation. If you have already read through 第 3 章 安装前的准备工作, and followed the instructions, you should be ready to start the installation process. When you have verified that you are ready to begin, boot the installation program using the Fedora DVD or CD-ROM #1 or any boot media that you have created.

Note

偶尔有些硬件在安装过程中需要驱动盘。驱动盘为安装程序不支持的硬件提供支持。参考第 5 章 用于 Intel 或 AMD 系统的驱动介质了解更多信息。

7.3.1. Booting the Installation Program on x86, AMD64, and Intel® 64 Systems

您可使用以下介质(依赖于您系统所能支持的)之一来启动安装程序：

Fedora DVD/CD-ROM — Your machine supports a bootable DVD/CD-ROM drive and you have the Fedora CD-ROM set or DVD.

Boot CD-ROM — Your machine supports a bootable CD-ROM drive and you want to perform network or hard drive installation.

USB pen drive — Your machine supports booting from a USB device.

PXE boot via network — Your machine supports booting from the network. This is an advanced installation path. Refer to 第 11 章 配置一个安装服务器 for additional information on this method.

To create a boot CD-ROM or to prepare your USB pen drive for installation, refer to 第 3.4.2 节 “制作安装引导光盘”.

放入启动介质然后重启。BIOS设置需改为从CD-ROM或USB启动。

Note

要修改x86，AMD64或Intel® 64 system平台的BIOS设置，请注意计算机刚启动时的信息。有行文字会告诉您按哪个键进入BIOS设置。

Once you have entered your BIOS setup program, find the section where you can alter your boot sequence. The default is often C, A or A, C (depending on whether you boot from your hard drive [C] or a diskette drive [A]). Change this sequence so that the CD-ROM is first in your boot order and that C or A (whichever is your typical boot default) is second. This instructs the computer to first look at the CD-ROM drive for bootable media; if it does not find bootable media on the CD-ROM drive, it then checks your hard drive or diskette drive.

保存更改后退出BIOS。有关更多信息请参考计算机随机附送的说明书。

短暂停顿后，将出现带有boot:提示的屏幕。该屏幕内容包含多个启动选项。每个选项又包含一个或多个帮助屏幕。要进入帮助屏幕，请根据屏幕下方提示按合适的键。

当您启动安装程序时，注意一下两条：

一旦boot:提示符出现，在一分钟内不做操作的话安装程序将自动启动。要禁用此特性，按帮助屏幕的功能键。
If you press a help screen function key, there is a slight delay while the help screen is read from the boot media.

Normally, you only need to press Enter to boot. Be sure to watch the boot messages to review if the Linux kernel detects your hardware. If your hardware is properly detected, continue to the next section. If it does not properly detect your hardware, you may need to restart the installation and use one of the boot options provided in 第 9 章 启动选项.

7.3.2. Additional Boot Options

While it is easiest to boot using a CD-ROM or DVD and perform a graphical installation, sometimes there are installation scenarios where booting in a different manner may be needed. This section discusses additional boot options available for Fedora.

To pass options to the boot loader on an x86, AMD64, or Intel® 64 system, use the instructions as provided in the boot loader option samples below.

Note

Refer to 第 9 章 启动选项 for additional boot options not covered in this section.

To perform a text mode installation, at the installation boot prompt, type:
```
linux text
```
ISO images have an md5sum embedded in them. To test the checksum integrity of an ISO image, at the installation boot prompt, type:
```
linux mediacheck
```
The installation program prompts you to insert a CD or select an ISO image to test, and select OK to perform the checksum operation. This checksum operation can be performed on any Fedora CD and does not have to be performed in a specific order (for example, CD #1 does not have to be the first CD you verify). It is strongly recommended to perform this operation on any Fedora CD that was created from downloaded ISO images. This command works with the CD, DVD, hard drive ISO, and NFS ISO installation methods.
Also in the images/ directory is the boot.iso file. This file is an ISO image than can be used to boot the installation program. To use the boot.iso, your computer must be able to boot from its CD-ROM drive, and its BIOS settings must be configured to do so. You must then burn the boot.iso file onto a recordable/rewriteable CD-ROM.
If you need to perform the installation in serial mode, type the following command:
```
linux console=<device>
```
For text mode installations, use:
```
linux text console=<device>
```
In the above command, <device> should be the device you are using (such as ttyS0 or ttyS1). For example, linux text console=ttyS0.
Text mode installations using a serial terminal work best when the terminal supports UTF-8. Under UNIX and Linux, Kermit supports UTF-8. For Windows, Kermit '95 works well. Non-UTF-8 capable terminals works as long as only English is used during the installation process. An enhanced serial display can be used by passing the utf8 command as a boot-time option to the installation program. For example:
```
linux console=ttyS0 utf8
```

7.3.2.1. Kernel Options

Options can also be passed to the kernel. For example, to apply updates for the anaconda installation program from a floppy disk enter:

linux updates

For text mode installations, use:

linux text updates

This command will prompt you to insert a floppy diskette containing updates for anaconda. It is not needed if you are performing a network installation and have already placed the updates image contents in rhupdates/ on the server.

After entering any options, press Enter to boot using those options.

If you need to specify boot options to identify your hardware, please write them down. The boot options are needed during the boot loader configuration portion of the installation (refer to 第 7.22 节 “x86、AMD64 和 Intel 64 系统的引导装载程序（Boot Loader）的配置” for more information).

For more information on kernel options refer to 第 9 章 启动选项.

7.4. 选择安装方法

你想使用哪一种安装方法？可用的安装方法如下所列：

DVD/CD-ROM: If you have a DVD/CD-ROM drive and the Fedora CD-ROMs or DVD you can use this method. Refer to 第 7.5 节 “从光盘中安装”, for DVD/CD-ROM installation instructions.
Hard Drive: If you have copied the Fedora ISO images to a local hard drive, you can use this method. You need a boot CD-ROM (use the linux askmethod boot option). Refer to 第 7.6 节 “从硬盘安装”, for hard drive installation instructions.
NFS: If you are installing from an NFS server using ISO images or a mirror image of Fedora, you can use this method. You need a boot CD-ROM (use the linux askmethod boot option). Refer to 第 7.8 节 “通过 NFS 安装” for network installation instructions. Note that NFS installations may also be performed in GUI mode.
URL: If you are installing directly from an HTTP (Web) server or FTP server, use this method. You need a boot CD-ROM (use the linux askmethod boot option). Refer to 第 7.9 节 “Installing via FTP or HTTP”, for FTP and HTTP installation instructions.

If you booted the distribution DVD and did not use the alternate installation source option askmethod, the next stage loads automatically from the DVD. Proceed to 第 7.10 节 “欢迎使用”.

CD/DVD Activity

If you boot any Fedora installation media, the installation program loads its next stage from that disc. This happens regardless of which installation method you choose, unless you eject the disc before you proceed. The installation program still downloads package data from the source you choose.

7.5. 从光盘中安装

To install Fedora from a DVD/CD-ROM, place the DVD or CD #1 in your DVD/CD-ROM drive and boot your system from the DVD/CD-ROM. Even if you booted from alternative media, you can still install Fedora from CD or DVD media.

安装程序将会检测你的系统，并试图识别你的光盘驱动器。它会开始寻找一个 IDE（又称 ATAPI）光盘驱动器。

Note

To abort the installation process at this time, reboot your machine and then eject the boot media. You can safely cancel the installation at any point before the About to Install screen. Refer to 第 7.24 节 “准备安装” for more information.

如果你的光盘驱动器没有被检测到，而且它是一个 SCSI 光盘，安装程序将会请你选择一个 SCSI 驱动程序。选择与你的适配器最接近的驱动程序。如果必要，你可以为驱动程序指定选项，然而，多数驱动程序会被你的 SCSI 适配器自动检测到。

If the DVD/CD-ROM drive is found and the driver loaded, the installer will present you with the option to perform a media check on the DVD/CD-ROM. This will take some time, and you may opt to skip over this step. However, if you later encounter problems with the installer, you should reboot and perform the media check before calling for support. From the media check dialog, continue to the next stage of the installation process (refer to 第 7.10 节 “欢迎使用”).

7.5.1. 如果没有发现 IDE 光盘怎么办？

如果你的系统上有一个 IDE（ATAPI）光盘，但是安装程序没有成功地找到它，反而向你询问你的光盘驱动器的类型，请尝试下列引导命令。重新开始安装，然后在 boot: 提示后输入 linux hdX=cdrom。根据光盘连接的接口以及它是被配置为主还是次而定，把 X 替换成以下字母之一：

a — 第一个 IDE 控制器，主
b — 第一个 IDE 控制器，次
c — 第二个 IDE 控制器，主
d — 第二个 IDE 控制器，次

如果你有第三个及（或）第四个控制器，请按字母顺序，从主到次为控制器分派字母。

7.6. 从硬盘安装

The Select Partition screen applies only if you are installing from a disk partition (that is, if you selected Hard Drive in the Installation Method dialog). This dialog allows you to name the disk partition and directory from which you are installing Fedora.

The ISO files must be located on a hard drive that is either internal to the computer, or attached to the machine by USB. In addition the install.img file from within the ISO files must be copied to a directory named images Use this option to install Fedora on computers that are without a network connection or CD/DVD drives.

按以下步骤从ISO中提取install.img：

mount -t iso9660 /path/to/Fedora11.iso /mnt/point -o loop,ro
  cp -pr /mnt/point/images /path/images/
  umount /mnt/point

从硬盘安装之前，先检查分区类型以保证Fedora可以读取。要在Windows下查看分区类型，请使用磁盘管理工具。要在Linux下查看，使用fdisk。

无法从LVM分区安装

您不能在LVM(逻辑卷管理)管理的分区上使用ISO文件。

硬盘驱动器安装的选择分区对话框。

图 7.3. 硬盘驱动器安装的选择分区对话框

从可用的分区列表中选择含有ISO文件的分区。内置IDE，SATA，SCSI和USB设备名字以/dev/sd开头。每个独立驱动器都有对应的字母，例如/dev/sda。驱动器上的分区按数字排列，例如/dev/sda1。

同时指定镜像所在目录。输入含有ISO镜像文件的完整路径。下面列表中显示了一些如何输入此信息的例子。

Partition type	卷	到文件的原始路径	要使用的目录
VFAT	D:\	D:\Downloads\F11	/Downloads/F11
ext2, ext3, ext4	/home	/home/user1/F11	/user1/F11

表 7.2. 不同分区类型的ISO镜像位置

如果ISO镜像位于分区的根(顶级)目录下，则输入/。如果ISO镜像位于挂载分区的子目录中，则输入那个分区中包含ISO镜像的目录名。例如，ISO镜像所在分区通常挂载为/home/，镜像位于/home/new/下，那么您需输入/new/。

使用前导斜杠‘/’

没有以“/”斜杠打头将导致安装失败。

Select OK to continue. Proceed with 第 7.10 节 “欢迎使用”.

7.7. 执行网络安装

The installation program is network-aware and can use network settings for a number of functions. For instance, you can install Fedora from a network server using FTP, HTTP, or NFS protocols. You can also instruct the installation program to consult additional software repositories later in the process.

如果你要执行的是网络安装，「配置 TCP/IP」对话框就会出现。该对话框向你询问 IP 和其它网络地址。你可以选择通过 DHCP 或手工地配置设备的 IP 地址和子网掩码。

默认情况下，安装程序使用 DHCP 自动提供网络设置。如果您使用 cable 或者 DSL 调制解调器、路由器、防火墙或者其它网络硬件与互联网沟通，那么 DHCP 是一个合适的选项。如果您的网络没有 DHCP 服务器，那么请取消对 使用动态 IP 配置（DHCP）的选择。

输入在安装过程中使用的 IP 地址，然后按 Enter 键。

The installation program supports only the IPv4 protocol. Refer also to 第 7.15 节 “Network Configuration” for more information on configuring your network.

配置用于安装的网络设备地址。

图 7.4. TCP/IP 配置

安装完成后，将会把这些设置转移至您的系统中。

您可以从Web，FTP，本地或Internet上的NFS服务器上安装。您也可以从您自己的镜像或由社区成员维护的公共镜像上安装Fedora。为了保证连接尽可能的快和稳定，请使用离你较近的服务器。

The Fedora Project maintains a list of Web and FTP public mirrors, sorted by region, at http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Mirrors. To determine the complete directory path for the installation files, add /11/Fedora/architecture/os/ to the path shown on the web page. A correct mirror location for an i386 system resembles the URL http://mirror.example.com/pub/fedora/linux/releases/11/Fedora/i386/os.

If you are installing via NFS, proceed to 第 7.8 节 “通过 NFS 安装”.
If you are installing via Web or FTP, proceed to 第 7.9 节 “Installing via FTP or HTTP”.

7.8. 通过 NFS 安装

NFS 对话框只在你从 NFS 服务器中安装时才会出现（如果你在「安装方法」中选择了「NFS 映像」的话）。

输入你的 NFS 服务器的域名或 IP 地址。譬如，如果你是从 example.com 域的 eastcoast 主机上安装的话，在「NFS 服务器」 字段中输入 eastcoast.example.com。

接下来，输入导出目录的名称。如果你遵循了第 3.5 节 “筹备网络安装” 中描述的设置步骤，你将应该输入目录 /export/directory/。

If the NFS server is exporting a mirror of the Fedora installation tree, enter the directory which contains the root of the installation tree. You will enter an Installation Key later on in the process which will determine which subdirectories are used to install from. If everything was specified properly, a message appears indicating that the installation program for Fedora is running.

NFS 设置对话框。

图 7.5. NFS 设置对话框

If the NFS server is exporting the ISO images of the Fedora CD-ROMs, enter the directory which contains the ISO images.

Next, the Welcome dialog appears.

7.9. Installing via FTP or HTTP

The URL dialog applies only if you are installing from a FTP or HTTP server (if you selected URL in the Installation Method dialog). This dialog prompts you for information about the FTP or HTTP server from which you are installing Fedora.

Enter the name or IP address of the FTP or HTTP site you are installing from, and the name of the directory containing your architecture. For example, if the FTP or HTTP site contains the directory /mirrors/Fedora/arch/, enter /mirrors/Fedora/arch/ (where arch is replaced with the architecture type of your system, such as i386). If everything was specified properly, a message box appears indicating that files are being retrieved from the server.

URL setup dialog.

图 7.6. URL Setup Dialog

Next, the Welcome dialog appears.

Note

You can save disk space by using the ISO images you have already copied to the server. To accomplish this, install Fedora using ISO images without copying them into a single tree by loopback mounting them. For each ISO image:

mkdir discX

mount -o loop Fedora11-discX.iso discX

Replace X with the corresponding disc number.

7.10. 欢迎使用

The Welcome screen does not prompt you for any input.

欢迎使用 11

点击「下一步」按钮来继续。

7.11. Language Selection

用鼠标选择安装时所使用的语言（参阅图 7.7 “Language Selection”）。

你在这里选择的语言将成为操作系统的缺省语言。选择恰当的语言会在稍后的安装中帮助你定位时区。安装程序将会试图根据你在这个屏幕上所指定的信息来选择恰当的时区。

To add support for additional languages, customize the installation at the package selection stage. For more information, refer to 第 7.23.2.2 节 “Additional Language Support”.

语言选择屏幕。

图 7.7. Language Selection

当你选定了恰当的语言后，点击「下一步」 来继续。

7.12. Keyboard Configuration

用鼠标选择安装时所使用的和系统缺省的键盘类型（如，U.S. English）（参考下面的图表）。

选定后，点击「下一步」来继续。

键盘配置屏幕

图 7.8. Keyboard Configuration

Note

要在安装结束后改变键盘类型，可以使用「键盘配置工具」。

在 shell 提示下键入 system-config-keyboard 命令来启动「键盘配置工具」。如果你不是根用户，它会提示你输入根口令再继续。

7.13. Initializing the Hard Disk

If no readable partition tables are found on existing hard disks, the installation program asks to initialize the hard disk. This operation makes any existing data on the hard disk unreadable. If your system has a brand new hard disk with no operating system installed, or you have removed all partitions on the hard disk, answer Yes.

Warning screen – initializing hard drive.

图 7.9. Warning screen – initializing hard drive

Certain RAID systems or other nonstandard configurations may be unreadable to the installation program and the prompt to initialize the hard disk may appear. The installation program responds to the physical disk structures it is able to detect.

Detach Unneeded Disks

If you have a nonstandard disk configuration that can be detached during installation and detected and configured afterward, power off the system, detach it, and restart the installation.

7.14. 升级已有的系统

安装程序自动地检测出任何已有的 Fedora 安装。升级程序会以新版本软件更新系统中已有的软件，并且不会移除用户个人目录中的任何数据。您的硬盘上已有的分区结构也不会变化。多数的软件包升级不会修改系统配置，而是会产生一个新的配置文件，您可以稍后检视它们。

7.14.1. 升级检测

如果系统中一经存在Fedora或者Red Hat Linux的安装，安装程序将会提示一个对话框，询问师傅希望对现有的安装进行升级。要升级已有的系统，在下拉菜单中选择合适的系统，然后选择 下一步。

The upgrade screen.

图 7.10. The upgrade screen

手动安装的软件

Software you have installed manually on your existing Fedora or Red Hat Linux system may behave differently after an upgrade. You may need to manually reinstall or recompile this software after an upgrade to ensure it performs correctly on the updated system.

7.14.2. 使用安装程序升级

存储备份

注意上面的例子里，我们把所有的备份资料都存储到了/home目录里。如果您的/home不是一个单独的分区，您应该严格按照下述步骤操作！ 请把您的备份存储到另外一个设备里，比如CD/DVD盘片或者外置硬盘。

需要关于升级的更多信息，请参考第 16.2 节 “完成升级”。

7.14.3. 更新引导加载程序

Your completed Fedora installation must be registered in the boot loader to boot properly. A boot loader is software on your machine that locates and starts the operating system. Refer to 第 7.22 节 “x86、AMD64 和 Intel 64 系统的引导装载程序（Boot Loader）的配置” for more information about boot loaders.

如果已有的引导加载程序是由某个 Linux 发行版安装的，安装程序可以修改它为引导新的 Fedora 系统。要更新已有的 Linux 引导加载程序，选择 Update boot loader configuration(升级引导加载程序配置)。当您升级已有的 Fedora; 或 Red Hat Linux 安装的时候，这是默认选项。

GRUB 是 Fedora 的标准引导加载程序。如果您的计算机使用另外一种引导加载程序，类似 BootMagic™，System Commander™ 或由 Microsoft Windows 安装的加载程序，Fedora 将无法更新它们。这种情况下，选择 Skip boot loader updating(跳过引导装载程序升级)。在安装程序结束之后，参考那些产品的说明书来查找帮助。

只有当您确定要替换现有的引导加载程序的时候，才能在升级过程中选择安装新的引导加载程序。如果您安装了新的引导加载程序，在仔细配置新的引导加载程序之前，可能无法启动这台机器上其他的操作系统。选择 Create new boot loader configuration(创建新的引导装载程序配置) 来删除已有的引导加载程序并安装 GRUB。

做出选择之后，点击 下一步 来继续。

7.15. Network Configuration

Fedora contains support for both IPv4 and IPv6. However, by default, the installation program configures network interfaces on your computer for IPv4, and to use DHCP via NetworkManager. Currently NetworkManager does not support IPv6. If your network only supports IPv6 you should use system-config-network after installation to configure your network interfaces.

Setup prompts you to supply a host name and domain name for this computer, in the format hostname.domainname. Many networks have a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) service that automatically supplies connected systems with a domain name, leaving the user to enter a hostname.

Setting the hostname

图 7.11. Setting the hostname

To set up a network that is behind an Internet firewall or router, you may want to use hostname.localdomain for your Fedora system. If you have more than one computer on this network, you should give each one a separate host name in this domain.

有效的主机名

可以为系统起任何名字，只要完整的名称是唯一的。主机名只能包含字母，数字和连字符。

On some networks, the DHCP provider also provides the name of the computer, or hostname. The complete hostname includes both the name of the machine and the name of the domain of which it is a member, such as machine1.example.com. The machine name (or "short hostname") is machine1, and the domain name is example.com.

如果您的 Fedora 是直接连接到互联网，您必须格外小心以避免来自上级服务供应商的服务中断或者危险操作。有关这些问题的讨论已经超过了本文档的范围。

Modem Configuration

The installation program does not configure modems. Configure these devices after installation with the Network utility. The settings for your modem are specific to your particular Internet Service Provider (ISP).

7.15.1. Manual configuration

Installations that require certain advanced configurations cannot succeed without network connectivity during the installation process, for example, installations on systems with ISCSI drives. In situations where successful installation depends upon correct network settings, the installation program will present you with a dialog that allows you to confirm these details.

Manual network configuration

图 7.12. Manual network configuration

If your network does not have DHCP enabled, or if you need to override the DHCP settings, select the network interface that you plan to use from the Interfaces menu. Clear the checkbox for Use dynamic IP configuration (DHCP). You can now enter an IPv4 address and netmask for this system in the form address / netmask, along with the gateway address and nameserver address for your network.

Click OK to accept these settings and continue.

7.16. 时区配置

Specify a time zone even if you plan to use NTP (Network Time Protocol) to maintain the accuracy of the system clock.

通过选择最接近你的计算机的物理位置的城市来设置时区。你可以点击地图来定位某一特定地区。

Specify a time zone even if you plan to use NTP (Network Time Protocol) to maintain the accuracy of the system clock.

选择时区的方法有两种：

用鼠标在互动地图上点击指定城市（用黄点表示）。一个红色的 X 符号会出现来标明你的选择。
你还可以在屏幕底部的列表中选择时区。使用鼠标点击位置来突出显示你的选择。

时区配置屏幕。

图 7.13. 配置时区

If Fedora is the only operating system on your computer, select System clock uses UTC. The system clock is a piece of hardware on your computer system. Fedora uses the timezone setting to determine the offset between the local time and UTC on the system clock. This behavior is standard for UNIX-like operating systems.

Windows and the System Clock

Do not enable the System clock uses UTC option if your machine also runs Microsoft Windows. Microsoft operating systems change the BIOS clock to match local time rather than UTC. This may cause unexpected behavior under Fedora.

Note

要在安装完成后改变时区配置，你可以使用「时间和日期属性工具」。

在 shell 提示下键入 system-config-date 命令来启动「时间和日期属性工具」。如果您不是根用户，它会提示您输入根密码后再继续。

如果要在文本模式下运行「时间和日期属性工具」，你可以使用 timeconfig 命令。

Select Next to proceed.

7.17. 设置根密码

Setting up a root account and password is one of the most important steps during your installation. Your root account is similar to the administrator account used on Microsoft Windows machines. The root account is used to install packages, upgrade RPMs, and perform most system maintenance. Logging in as root gives you complete control over your system.

Note

根用户（又称超级用户）对整个系统有完全的控制权；因此，最好只有在执行系统维护或管理时使用根用户登录。

设置您的root密码。

图 7.14. Root Password

请只有在进行系统管理时才使用根帐号。创建一个非根帐号来做日常工作。若你需要快速解决某个问题时，用 su - 命令暂时登录为根用户。遵循这些最基本的原则将会减少你因键入错误或不正确的命令而损害系统的机会。

Note

要变成根用户，在终端机窗口的 shell 提示下键入 su - ，并按 回车 键，然后输入根密码并按 回车 键。

The installation program prompts you to set a root password^[2] for your system. You cannot proceed to the next stage of the installation process without entering a root password.

根口令必须至少包括六个字符；你键入的口令不会在屏幕上显示。你必须把口令输入两次；如果两个口令不匹配，安装程序将会请你重新输入口令。

你应该把根口令设为你可以记住但又不容易被别人猜到的组合。你的名字、电话号码、 qwerty、 password、 root、 123456、以及 anteater 都是典型的坏口令。好口令混合使用数字、大小写字母，并且不包含任何词典中的现成词汇。例如：Aard387vark 或 420BMttNT。请记住，口令是区分大小写的。如果你笔录下你的口令，请将之保存在一个安全的地方。然而，我们建议你不要笔录任何你创建的口令。

Note

不要使用本指南中提供的任何示范口令。使用其中任何一个，都可以被视为安全风险。

Note

在完成安装后，你如果想修改根密码，可以使用「根密码工具」。

在 shell 提示下键入 system-config-rootpassword 命令来启动「根密码工具」。如果您不是根用户，它会提示您输入根密码后再继续。

在Root密码中输入root密码。为安全起见Fedora将字符显示为星号。Confirm中再次输入密码以保证输入无误。设置好root密码后，选择下一步继续。

7.18. Disk Partitioning Setup

分区允许你将硬盘驱动器分隔成独立的区域，每个区域都如同是一个单独的硬盘驱动器。如果你运行多个操作系统，分区就特别有用。如果你还不确定怎样给系统分区，请阅读附录 A, 磁盘分区简介。

On this screen you can choose to create the default layout or choose to manual partition using the Create custom layout option.

前面三个选项允许你不必亲自为驱动器分区而执行自动安装。如果你对在系统上分区信心不足，建议你不要选择手工分区，而是让安装程序自动为你分区。

你也可以为安装配置 iSCSI 目标，或者在这个屏幕上点击「高级存储配置」按钮来禁用 dmraid 设备。详情请参考第 7.19 节 “Advanced Storage Options ”。

Warning

The PackageKit update software downloads updated packages to /var/cache/yum/ by default. If you partition the system manually, and create a separate /var/ partition, be sure to create the partition large enough (3.0 GB or more) to download package updates.

选择自动分区或手工分区。

图 7.15. Disk Partitioning Setup

If you choose to create a custom layout, refer to 第 7.21 节 “为您的系统分区”.

Warning

如果你在安装过程的「磁盘分区设置」阶段看到一则和如下相似的消息：

"无法读 hda 设备上的分区表。要创建新分区，分区表必须被初始化这将破坏这个设备上的所有数据。"

you may not have a partition table on that drive or the partition table on the drive may not be recognizable by the partitioning software used in the installation program.

使用过 EZ-BIOS 之类程序的用户可能遇到过相似的问题，从而导致了数据丢失（假定安装前没有进行备份）。

No matter what type of installation you are performing, backups of the existing data on your systems should always be made.

7.18.1. RAID and Other Disk Devices

7.18.1.1. Hardware RAID

RAID, or Redundant Array of Independent Disks, allows a group, or array, of drives to act as a single device. Configure any RAID functions provided by the mainboard of your computer, or attached controller cards, before you begin the installation process. Each active RAID array appears as one drive within Fedora.

On systems with more than one hard drive you may configure Fedora to operate several of the drives as a Linux RAID array without requiring any additional hardware.

7.18.1.2. Software RAID

You can use the Fedora installation program to create Linux software RAID arrays, where RAID functions are controlled by the operating system rather than dedicated hardware. These functions are explained in detail in 第 7.21 节 “为您的系统分区”.

7.18.1.3. FireWire and USB Disks

Some FireWire and USB hard disks may not be recognized by the Fedora installation system. If configuration of these disks at installation time is not vital, disconnect them to avoid any confusion.

Post-installation Usage

You can connect and configure external FireWire and USB hard disks after installation. Most such devices are recognized by the kernel and available for use at that time.

7.19. Advanced Storage Options

高级存储选项。

图 7.16. Advanced Storage Options

From this screen you can choose to disable a dmraid device, in which case the individual elements of the dmraid device will appear as separate hard drives. You can also choose to configure an iSCSI (SCSI over TCP/IP) target. See 附录 B, ISCSI disks for an introduction to iSCSI.

To configure an ISCSI target invoke the 'Configure ISCSI Parameters' dialog by selecting 'Add ISCSI target' and clicking on the 'Add Drive' button. Fill in the details for the ISCSI target IP and provide a unique ISCSI initiator name to identify this system. If the ISCSI target uses CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) for authentication, enter the CHAP username and password. If your enviroment uses 2-way CHAP (also called "Mutual CHAP"), also enter the reverse CHAP username and password. Click the 'Add target' button to attempt connection to the ISCSI target using this information.

配置 ISCSI 参数。

图 7.17. 配置 ISCSI 参数

请注意，如果你输入了错误的信息，你可以用不同的 ISCSI 目标 IP 地址进行尝试，但是为了修改 ISCSI 启动器的名字，你将需要重新启动这个安装。

7.20. Create Default Layout

自动分区在有关哪些数据要从系统中删除（若适用）这一方面允许你有控制权。可供你选择的选项有：

「删除选定驱动器上的所有分区并按缺省的格式创建分区」 — 选择这一选项来删除你的硬盘驱动器上的所有分区（这包括由其它操作系统创建的分区，如 Windows VFAT 或 NTFS 分区）。
Warning
If you select this option, all data on the selected hard drive(s) is removed by the installation program. Do not select this option if you have information that you want to keep on the hard drive(s) where you are installing Fedora.
「删除选定驱动器上的所有 Linux 分区并按缺省的格式创建分区」 — 选择该选项来只删除 Linux 分区（在以前安装 Linux 时创建的分区）。这将不会影响你的硬盘驱动器上可能会有的其它分区，例如：VFAT 或 FAT32 分区。
「使用选定磁盘上的空闲空间并按缺省的格式创建分区」 — 选择这一选项来保留你当前的数据和分区，假设你的硬盘驱动器上有足够的可用空闲空间的话。

自动分区。

图 7.18. Create Default Layout

Using your mouse, choose the storage drive(s) on which you want Fedora to be installed. If you have two or more drives, you can choose which drive(s) should contain this installation. Unselected drives, and any data on them, are not touched.

Warning

备份系统上的所有数据是明智之举。例如，如果你要升级或创建一个双引导系统，你应该备份这个硬盘驱动器上你想保存的数据。有时候错误难免会发生，甚至会导致所有数据丢失。

Note

如果你有一个 RAID 卡，请留意，某些 BIOS 不支持从 RAID 卡中引导。在这类情况下，/boot/ 分区一定要在 RAID 阵列之外的分区上创建，比如在一个分开的硬盘驱动器上。用有问题的 RAID 卡来创建分区，有必要使用一个内部硬盘驱动器。

/boot/ 分区也是软件 RAID 设置所必需的。

如果你已选定要自动为你的系统分区，你应该选择「复审」，然后手工地编辑 /boot/ 分区。

选择加密系统 来加密除/boot分区之外的所有分区。

使用高级存储选项选项，如果：

您打算将Fedora安装到通过iSCSI协议连接的驱动器上。选择高级存储选项，选择添加iSCSI目标，然后选择添加驱动器。输入IP地址和iSCSI初始名称，选择添加驱动器。
您想要禁用启动时检测到的dmraid设备。

To review and make any necessary changes to the partitions created by automatic partitioning, select the Review option. After selecting Review and clicking Next to move forward, the partitions created for you by anaconda appear. You can make modifications to these partitions if they do not meet your needs.

Installing in text mode

如果在字符模式下安装Fedora，您只能使用本节所讲的默认分区设置。因此尽管您可以选择使用整个驱动器，删除已由Linux分区或使用空闲空间，但是您不能修改分区设置。也就是说您不能在安装程序自动添加或删除的分区或文件系统之外添加删除分区或文件系统。如果安装时需要自定义分区设置，您应该通过VNC连接或kickstart来运行图形化安装。

另外，像LVM，加密文件系统和可重调文件系统等高级选项仅在图形模式和kickstart中提供。

当你选好之后，点击「下一步」来继续。

7.21. 为您的系统分区

If you chose one of the three automatic partitioning options and did not select Review, skip ahead to 第 7.23 节 “Package Group Selection”.

If you chose one of the automatic partitioning options and selected Review, you can either accept the current partition settings (click Next), or modify the setup manually in the partitioning screen.

注意

Please note that in the text mode installation it is not possible to work with LVM (Logical Volumes) beyond viewing the existing setup. LVM can only be set up during graphical installation.

If you chose to create a custom layout, you must tell the installation program where to install Fedora. This is done by defining mount points for one or more disk partitions in which Fedora is installed. You may also need to create and/or delete partitions at this time.

Note

如果你还没有计划怎么设置分区，你可以参考附录 A, 磁盘分区简介 和第 7.21.4 节 “推荐的分区方案”。至少，你需要一个大小合适的根分区和两倍于系统物理内存的交换分区。Itanium 系统的用户应该有一个大约 100 MB 的 FAT (VFAT) 格式的 /boot/efi/ 分区、至少 512 MB 的交换分区和大小合适的根分区（/）。

The main partitioning screen.

图 7.19. Partitioning on x86, AMD64, and Intel® 64 Systems

With the exception of certain esoteric situations, anaconda can handle the partitioning requirements for a typical installation.

7.21.1. 硬盘的图形化表示

The partitioning screen offers a graphical representation of your hard drive(s).

单击鼠标来突出显示图形化表示中的某一字段。双击来编辑某个现存的分区或从现存空闲空间中创建分区。

在显示之上，你会看到「Drive」名称（如 /dev/hda），「Geom」（显示了硬盘的几何属性，包括了三个数字分别代表硬盘汇报的柱面、磁头和扇区数量），以及被安装程序检测到的硬盘驱动器「Model」。

7.21.2. The partitioning screen

These buttons are used to change the attributes of a partition (for example the file system type and mount point) and also to create RAID devices. Buttons on this screen are also used to accept the changes you have made, or to exit the partitioning screen. For further explanation, take a look at each button in order:

New: Select this option to add a partition or LVM physical volume to the disk. In the Add partition dialog, choose a mount point and a partition type. If you have more than one disk on the system, choose which disks the partition may inhabit. Indicate a size in megabytes for the partition. If you wish to encrypt the partition, select that option.
Illegal Partitions
The /bin/, /dev/, /etc/, /lib/, /proc/, /root/, and /sbin/ directories may not be used for separate partitions in Disk Druid. These directories reside on the / (root) partition.
The /boot partition may not reside on an LVM volume group. Create the /boot partition before configuring any volume groups.
You may also choose from three options for sizing your partition:
Fixed size
Use a fixed size as close to your entry as possible.
Fill all space up to
Grow the partition to a maximum size of your choice.
Fill to maximum allowable size
Grow the partition until it fills the remainder of the selected disks.
Partition Sizes
The actual partition on the disk may be slightly smaller or larger than your choice. Disk geometry issues cause this effect, not an error or bug.
Select the Encrypt partition option to encrypt all information on the disk partition.
After you enter the details for your partition, select OK to continue. If you chose to encrypt the partition, the installer prompts you to assign a passphrase by typing it twice. For hints on using good passphrases, refer to 第 7.17 节 “设置根密码”.
「编辑」：用来修改目前在「分区」部分中选定分区的属性。选择「编辑」打开一个对话框。部分或全部字段可被编辑，这要依据分区信息是否已被写入磁盘而定。
你还可以编辑图形化显示所表示的空闲空间，从而在那个空间内创建一个新分区。你既可以突出显示空闲空间，然后选择「编辑」按钮，也可以双击空闲空间来编辑它。
要制作一个 RAID 设备，你必须首先创建（或重新利用现有的）软件 RAID 分区。一旦你已创建了两个或两个以上的软件 RAID 分区，选择「RAID」来把软件 RAID 分区连接为一个 RAID 设备。
「删除」：用来删除目前在「当前磁盘分区」部分中突出显示的分区。你会被要求确认对任何分区的删除。
To delete an LVM physical volume, first delete any volume groups of which that physical volume is a member.
If you make a mistake, use the Reset option to abandon all the changes you have made.
Reset: Used to restore the partitioning screen to its original state. All changes made will be lost if you Reset the partitions.
RAID: Used to provide redundancy to any or all disk partitions. It should only be used if you have experience using RAID.
要制作一个 RAID 设备，你必须首先创建软件 RAID 分区。一旦你已创建了两个或两个以上的软件 RAID 分区，选择「RAID」来把软件 RAID 分区连接为一个 RAID 设备。
The RAID options dialog.
图 7.20. RAID options

Create a software RAID partition
Choose this option to add a partition for software RAID. This option is the only choice available if your disk contains no software RAID partitions.
The create a software RAID partition dialog.
图 7.21. Create a software RAID partition

Create a RAID device
Choose this option to construct a RAID device from two or more existing software RAID partitions. This option is available if two or more software RAID partitions have been configured.
The create a RAID device dialog.
图 7.22. Create a RAID device

Clone a drive to create a RAID device
Choose this option to set up a RAID mirror of an existing disk. This option is available if two or more disks are attached to the system.
The clone a RAID device dialog.
图 7.23. Clone a RAID device
LVM: Allows you to create an LVM logical volume. The role of LVM (Logical Volume Manager) is to present a simple logical view of underlying physical storage space, such as a hard drive(s). LVM manages individual physical disks — or to be more precise, the individual partitions present on them. It should only be used if you have experience using LVM. Note, LVM is only available in the graphical installation program.
To assign one or more physical volumes to a volume group, first name the volume group. Then select the physical volumes to be used in the volume group. Finally, configure logical volumes on any volume groups using the Add, Edit and Delete options.
You may not remove a physical volume from a volume group if doing so would leave insufficient space for that group's logical volumes. Take for example a volume group made up of two 5 GB LVM physical volume partitions, which contains an 8 GB logical volume. The installer would not allow you to remove either of the component physical volumes, since that would leave only 5 GB in the group for an 8 GB logical volume. If you reduce the total size of any logical volumes appropriately, you may then remove a physical volume from the volume group. In the example, reducing the size of the logical volume to 4 GB would allow you to remove one of the 5 GB physical volumes.
LVM Unavailable in Text Installs
LVM initial set up is not available in a text-mode installation. The installer allows you to edit pre-configured LVM volumes. If you need to create an LVM configuration from scratch, hit Alt+F2 to use the terminal, and run the lvm command. To return to the text-mode installation, hit Alt+F1.

7.21.3. 分区字段

在分区层次之上是代表你正创建的分区的信息的标签。这些标签定义如下：

「设备」：该字段显示分区的设备名。
「挂载点/RAID/Volume」：挂载点是文件卷在目录层次内存在的位置；文件卷在该位置上被“挂载”。该字段标明分区将被挂载的位置。如果某个分区存在，但还没有设立，那么你需要为其定义挂载点。双击分区或点击「编辑」按钮来为其定义挂载点。
Type: This field shows the partition's file system type (for example, ext2, ext3, ext4, or vfat).
「格式化」：该字段显示了正创建的分区是否会被格式化。
「大小 (MB)」：该字段显示了分区的大小（MB）。
「开始」：该字段显示了分区在你的硬盘上开始的柱面。
「结束」：该字段显示了分区在你的硬盘上结束的柱面。

「隐藏 RAID 设备/LVM 卷组成员」：如果你不想看到创建的 RAID 设备或 LVM 卷组成员，选择该选项。

7.21.4. 推荐的分区方案

7.21.4.1. x86、AMD64 和 Intel® 64 位系统

A swap partition
A /boot partition
A / partition

A swap partition (at least 256 MB)
Swap partitions are used to support virtual memory. In other words, data is written to a swap partition when there is not enough RAM to store the data your system is processing. In addition, certain power management features store all of the memory for a suspended system in the available swap partitions.
如果你不确定创建多大的交换分区，你可以指定两倍于系统物理内存的大小。分区类型必须是 swap。
创建大小合适的交换空间依赖于以下几个因素（按重要性依次排列）：
- 在机器上运行的应用程序。
- 机器上安装的物理内存数量。
- 操作系统的版本。
物理内存低于 2GB 时，交换空间应该是两倍于物理内存大小。对于任何高于 2GB 的内存，则为相同数量，但绝不能少于 32MB。
所以，如果：
M = 内存的 GB 数，S = 交换空间的 GB 数，然后
```
If M < 2
        S = M *2
Else
        S = M + 2
```
使用这个公式，物理内存为 2GB 的系统应该有 4GB 的交换空间，物理内存为 3GB 的系统应该有 5GB 交换空间。创建一个较大的交换分区在你计划将来升级内存的时候特别有帮助。
对于具备超大内存的系统（超过 32GB），你可能能够使用一个较小的交换分区（物理内存的一倍或更少）。
A /boot/ partition (100 MB)
The partition mounted on /boot/ contains the operating system kernel (which allows your system to boot Fedora), along with files used during the bootstrap process. Due to limitations, creating a native ext3 partition to hold these files is required. For most users, a 100 MB boot partition is sufficient.
ext4 and Btrfs
The GRUB bootloader does not support the ext4 or Btrfs file systems. You cannot use an ext4 or Btrfs partition for /boot/.
Note
如果你的硬盘大于 1024 个柱面（而且你的系统至少是在两年前制造的），而且你想让 /（根）分区使用硬盘上的所有剩余空间，你可能需要创建一个 /boot 分区。
Note
如果你有一张 RAID 卡，请注意某些 BIOS 不支持从 RAID 卡中引导。在这种情况下，/boot/ 分区必须在 RAID 阵列之外被创建，如在一个单独的硬盘驱动器上创建。
A root partition (3.0 GB - 5.0 GB)
This is where "/" (the root directory) is located. In this setup, all files (except those stored in /boot) are on the root partition.
A 3.0 GB partition allows you to install a minimal installation, while a 5.0 GB root partition lets you perform a full installation, choosing all package groups.
Root and /root
The / (or root) partition is the top of the directory structure. The /root directory/root (sometimes pronounced "slash-root") directory is the home directory of the user account for system administration.

Many systems have more partitions than the minimum listed above. Choose partitions based on your particular system needs. For example, consider creating a separate /home partition on systems that store user data. Refer to 第 7.21.4.1.1 节 “Advice on Partitions” for more information.

If you create many partitions instead of one large / partition, upgrades become easier. Refer to the description of Disk Druid's Edit option in 第 7.21.2 节 “The partitioning screen” for more information.

The following table summarizes minimum partition sizes for the partitions containing the listed directories. You do not have to make a separate partition for each of these directories. For instance, if the partition containing /foo must be at least 500 MB, and you do not make a separate /foo partition, then the / (root) partition must be at least 500 MB.

Directory	Minimum size
`/`	250 MB
`/usr`	250 MB, but avoid placing this on a separate partition
`/tmp`	50 MB
`/var`	384 MB
`/home`	100 MB
`/boot`	75 MB

表 7.3. Minimum partition sizes

Leave Excess Capacity Unallocated

Only assign storage capacity to those partitions you require immediately. You may allocate free space at any time, to meet needs as they occur. To learn about a more flexible method for storage management, refer to 附录 D, Understanding LVM.

If you are not sure how best to configure the partitions for your computer, accept the default partition layout.

7.21.4.1.1. Advice on Partitions

最佳分区设置取决于Linux系统的用途。以下关于如何分配磁盘空间的提示可能对您有所帮助。

如果您和其他用户想在系统上存储数据，可以在卷组中为/home目录创建一个独立的分区。有了独立的/home分区后，升级或重装Fedora时就不再需要删除用户的文件了。
Each kernel installed on your system requires approximately 10 MB on the /boot partition. Unless you plan to install a great many kernels, the default partition size of 100 MB for /boot should suffice.
ext4 and Btrfs
The GRUB bootloader does not support the ext4 or Btrfs file systems. You cannot use an ext4 or btrfs partition for /boot.
/var目录包含了大量的安装程序文件，包括Apacheweb服务器。同时它也存放下载的更新包。确保/var目录所在分区有足够的空间来保存下载的更新和您的其它内容。
Pending Updates
由于Fedora是一个不断更新的软件包集合，因此发行周期之后晚一些时间会提供大量的更新。您以后可以为安装源添加一个更新仓库来最小化这个过程。参考第 7.23.1 节 “Installing from Additional Repositories”了解更多信息。
Fedora系统中/usr目录存放主要软件。对于安装默认的软件包来说，至少需要4GB空间。如果您是程序开发员或打算用Fedora学习软件开发，则需要8GB以上的空间。
Do not place /usr on a separate partition
如果/usr是/之外一个独立分区的话，启动过程会变得更加复杂，某些情况下(如在iSCSI设备上安装)可能还会不工作。
考虑一下在LVM卷组中保留一点未分配空间。在您想要调整分区但又不想删除其它分区的数据时，这是个办法。
若您将子目录分配到各个分区中，那么在安装新版Fedora时您就可以保留这些子目录中的内容。例如在/var/lib/mysql中运行MySQL数据库，如果以后打算重装那么就应该把该目录单独分一个区。

以下是针对一个80GB新硬盘，1GB内存的分区方案。注意为了以后的调整，大概10GB的卷组空间没有分配。

Example Usage

这个方案并不是所有情形下最好的。

Partition	Size and type
`/boot`	100 MB `ext3` partition
`swap`	2 GB swap
LVM物理卷	保留空间，做为一个LVM卷组

表 7.4. Example partition setup

物理卷分配到默认的卷组中并被分为以下逻辑卷：

Partition	Size and type
`/`	13 GB ext4
`/var`	4 GB ext4
`/home`	50 GB ext4

表 7.5. 示例分区设置：LVM物理卷

例 7.1. Example partition setup

7.21.5. 添加分区

要添加一个新的分区，选择新增按钮。一个对话框将出现（参考图 7.24 “创建一个新分区”）。

Note

你必须为本次按装指定至少一个分区。详情请见附录 A, 磁盘分区简介。

创建一个新分区。

图 7.24. 创建一个新分区

「挂载点」：输入分区的挂载点。譬如，如果这个分区是根分区，输入 /；如果是 /boot 分区，输入 /boot ，等等。你还可以使用拉下菜单来为你的分区选择正确的挂载点。而对于交换空间分区，则不应该设置挂载点 - 把文件系统类型设置为 swap 就足够了。
「文件系统类型」：用下拉菜单为这个分区选择合适的文件系统类型。关于文件系统的更多信息，请参阅第 7.21.5.1 节 “文件系统类型”。
「允许的驱动器」：这个字段包括在你的系统上安装的硬盘列表。如果某个硬盘的复选框被突出显示，则表示可以在该硬盘上创建想要的分区。如果那个复选框没有打勾，那么这个分区将绝不会在该硬盘上创建。通过不同的复选框设置，你可使 anaconda 在你需要的地方放置分区，或让 anaconda 来决定应该放置分区的地方。
「大小（MB）」：输入分区的大小（MB）。注意，该字段从 100MB 开始；若不改变，创建的分区将只有 100MB。
「其它大小选项」：选择是否要将分区保持为固定大小、允许它“增长”（使用硬盘驱动器上的可用空间）到某一程度，或允许它“增长”到使用全部硬盘驱动器上可用的剩余空间。
如果你选择 「指定空间大小（MB）」，你必须在这个选项右侧的字段内给出大小限制。这会允许你在你的硬盘驱动器上保留一定的空间为将来使用。
「强制为主分区」：选择你创建的分区是否是磁盘的四个主分区之一。如果没有选定，这个分区将被创建为逻辑分区。详情请参考第 A.1.3 节 “分区内的分区 — 扩展分区概述”。
「确定」：当你对设置满意并想创建分区的时候，选择「确定」按钮。
「取消」：如果你不想创建这个分区，选择「取消」按钮。

7.21.5.1. 文件系统类型

Fedora允许您根据分区将使用的文件系统来创建不同的分区类型。下面是对不同文件系统以及它们的使用方法的简单描述。

Btrfs —Btrfs是开发中的能管理更多、更大文件；支持比ext2 、ext3和ext4更大的磁盘分区的文件系统。Btrfs设计要求可以容错，并可以更容易的检测出错误并修复。它使用校验和来确保文件数据和元数据的错误，并且追踪文件的改变，以提供备份和修复使用
因为Brtfs还处于开发中，还处于实验阶段。安装程序默认没有提供创建Brtfs功能。如果你想在硬盘上创建Brtfs分区，必须在引导安装时添加·icantbelieveitsnotbtr命令选项。具体查看第 9 章 启动选项 的介绍
Btrfs还是实验性的
Fedora 11 包括 Btrfs,作为技术预览提供给用户进行体验。您不应该为重要数据和系统分区使用Brtfs文件系统。
ext2 — ext2 文件系统支持标准的 Unix 文件类型（常规文件、目录、符号链接等等）。它支持使用长达 255 个字符的长文件名。
ext3 — ext3 文件系统基于 ext2 文件系统，它有一个主要优点 — 日志（journaling）。使用日志的文件系统减少了崩溃后恢复文件系统所花费的时间，因为它无需运行 fsck^[3] 文件系统。
ext4 — The ext4 file system is based on the ext3 file system and features a number of improvements. These include support for larger file systems and larger files, faster and more efficient allocation of disk space, no limit on the number of subdirectories within a directory, faster file system checking, and more robust journalling. The ext4 file system is selected by default and is highly recommended.
物理卷（LVM） — 创建一个或多个物理卷（LVM）分区后允许您创建一个 LVM 逻辑卷。LVM 可以在使用物理磁盘的时候提高性能。
软RAID —；创建两个以上的软RAID分区后可创建RAID设备。
交换分区 —；交换分区用于支持虚拟内存。也就是说，如果内存不够存放数据时，这些数据就会被写到交换分区上。
vfat — VFAT 文件系统是一个 Linux 文件系统，它与 Microsoft Windows 的 FAT 文件系统的长文件名兼容。这个文件必须在 Itanuim 系统的 /boot/efi 分区上使用。

7.21.6. 编辑分区

要编辑一个分区，选择「编辑」按钮或双击该分区。

Note

如果分区在你的硬盘中已经存在，你将只能改变分区的挂载点。如果你想做其它改变，你将需要删除该分区然后再重新创建它。

7.21.7. 删除分区

要删除分区，在「分区」部分将之突出显示，然后点击「删除」按钮。你需要在提示时确认此项删除。

要获得 x86、AMD64 和 Intel® 64 系统的进一步安装说明，请跳至第 7.22 节 “x86、AMD64 和 Intel 64 系统的引导装载程序（Boot Loader）的配置”。

7.22. x86、AMD64 和 Intel® 64 系统的引导装载程序（Boot Loader）的配置

如果不使用引导介质来引导你的系统，你通常需要安装一个引导装载程序。引导装载程序是计算机启动时所运行的第一个软件，它的责任是载入操作系统内核软件并把控制权转交给它。然后，内核再初始化操作系统的其他部分。

Installing in text mode

If you install Fedora in text mode, the installer configures the bootloader automatically and you cannot customize bootloader settings during the installation process.

GRUB（GRand Unified Bootloader）是一个默认安装的功能强大的引导装载程序。GRUB 能够通过连锁载入（chain-loading）来装载多种免费和专有操作系统（连锁载入是通过载入另一个引导装载程序来载入 DOS 或 Windows 之类不被支持的操作系统的机制）。

The GRUB boot menu

The GRUB menu defaults to being hidden, except on dual-boot systems. To show the GRUB menu during system boot, press and hold the Shift key before the kernel is loaded. (Any other key works as well but the Shift key is the safest to use.)

配置你想引导系统的方法。

图 7.25. 引导装载程序配置

If there are no other operating systems on your computer, or you are completely removing any other operating systems the installation program will install GRUB as your boot loader without any intervention. In that case you may continue on to 第 7.23 节 “Package Group Selection”.

您的系统可能已经安装了一个引导加载程序。一个操作系统会安装自己首选的引导加载程序，或者您安装了第三方的引导加载程序。如果您的引导加载程序无法识别 Linux 分区，可能就无法引导 Fedora。使用 GRUB 作为您的引导加载程序，可以引导 Linux 和大多数其他操作系统。按照这章的描述来安装 GRUB。

Installing GRUB

如果您安装 GRUB，它将覆盖已有的引导加载程序。

By default, the installation program installs GRUB in the master boot record or MBR, of the device for the root file system. To decline installation of a new boot loader, unselect Install boot loader on /dev/sda.

Warning

如果由于某种原因你选择不安装 GRUB，你将无法直接引导系统，你必须得使用另一种引导方法（如商用引导装载程序）。只有当你确定另有引导系统的方法时才使用该选项！

如果您已经安装了其他操作系统，Fedora 尝试自动检测并配置 GRUB 来引导它们。如果 GRUB 没有检测到它们的话，您可以手动配置任何其他的操作系统。

要添加，删除或改变探测到的操作系统设置，使用该选项。

Add: 选择 增加 按钮来在 GRUB 中包括其他的操作系统。
在下拉菜单中，选择包含可启动的操作系统的分区，然后为这个项目命名。GRUB 将在启动菜单中显示这个名称。
Edit: 要修改 GRUB 启动管理器的一个项目，选择它然后按下 编辑 按钮。
Delete: 要从 GRUB 启动菜单中删除一个项目，选择它然后按下界面中的 删除 按钮。

在你想要的引导分区旁边选择「默认」来选择你默认的可引导操作系统。你选定了默认引导映像后，安装才会继续。

Note

「标签」列中列出的信息是你在引导所需操作系统时必须在非图形化引导装载程序的引导提示下输入的信息。

一旦你已载入 GRUB 引导屏幕，使用箭头键来选择引导标签，键入 e 来编辑。你将会看到所选引导标签配置文件中的项目列表。

在别人可以亲身访问你的服务器的情况下，引导装载程序密码为你提供了一种安全机制。

如果你打算安装引导装载程序，你应该创建一个密码来保护你的系统。若没有引导装载程序密码，能够进入你的系统的用户将可以向内核传递选项，从而减弱你的系统安全性；若使用了引导装载程序密码，用户必须先输入密码才能选择非标准的引导选项。然而，能够从物理角度使用你的机器的用户仍可以从软盘、光盘、或 USB 介质（若 BIOS 支持）引导。包括引导装载程序密码的保安计划还应该解决其它引导方法带来的安全问题。

不使用 GRUB 密码

如果您的系统只有一个可被信任的操作员，或控制台的访问在物理上很安全，您可能不需要 GRUB 密码。然而，如果一个不可信的人能物理访问您的电脑键盘和显示器。他将能够重新引导系统然后访问 GRUB。这时密码将很有用。

如果你选择要使用引导装载程序密码来增进你的系统安全性，请确定选择标为「使用引导装载程序密码」的复选框。

一旦选毕，输入密码并确认。

GRUB 将密码以加密形式存储，因此不会 被读取或非法取得。如果您忘记了引导密码，就按照通常的方式启动，然后修改 /boot/grub/grub.conf 中的密码一项。如果您无法启动，那么可以用第一张 Fedora 安装光盘以 "rescue" 模式来进入系统，重置 GRUB 密码。

如果您一定要修改 GRUB 密码，使用 grub-md5-crypt 实用工具。关于如何使用这个工具，可以在终端下用命令 man grub-md5-crypt 来查看手册。

要配置更高级的引导装载程序选项，如改变磁盘顺序或往内核传入参数，在点击「下一步」之前，你要确保已经选中了「配置高级引导装载程序选项」。

7.22.1. 高级引导装载程序配置

现在，你已选定了要安装的引导装载程序，你还可以决定要在哪里安装引导装载程序。你可以在下面两个位置之一安装引导装载程序：

The master boot record (MBR) — This is the recommended place to install a boot loader, unless the MBR already starts another operating system loader, such as System Commander. The MBR is a special area on your hard drive that is automatically loaded by your computer's BIOS, and is the earliest point at which the boot loader can take control of the boot process. If you install it in the MBR, when your machine boots, GRUB presents a boot prompt. You can then boot Fedora or any other operating system that you have configured the boot loader to boot.

The first sector of your boot partition — This is recommended if you are already using another boot loader on your system. In this case, your other boot loader takes control first. You can then configure that boot loader to start GRUB, which then boots Fedora.
GRUB 作为二级引导程序
如果安装 GRUB 为二级引导加载程序，当从新内核引导或安装时您必须重新配置主引导加载程序。像 Microsoft Windows 这样的一个操作系统的内核引导的风格是不同的。因此许多用户在双系统中让 GRUB 成为主引导加载程序。

选择要在哪里安装引导装载程序以及如何配置它。

图 7.26. 引导装载程序安装

Note

如果你有一个 RAID 卡，请留意某些 BIOS 不支持从 RAID 卡引导。在这类情况下，引导装载程序不应该被安装在 RAID 阵列的 MBR 上。引导装载程序应该被安装在创建 /boot 分区所在的同一驱动器上的 MBR。

If your system only uses Fedora, you should choose the MBR.

如果你想重新排列驱动器顺序，或者你的 BIOS 所返回的驱动器顺序不正确，点击「改变驱动器顺序」按钮。如果你有多个 SCSI 适配器或者兼有 SCSI 和 IDE 适配器，并想从 SCSI 设备中引导，改变驱动器顺序可能会发挥作用。

Note

在为你的硬盘驱动器分区时，请注意某些较老的系统 BIOS 无法进入硬盘里前 1024 柱面以外的区域。如果情况如此，在你的硬盘的前 1024 柱面上为 /boot Linux 保留足够空间以便引导 Linux。其它 Linux 分区可以位于柱面 1024 之后。

在 parted 中，1024 柱面相当于 528MB。详情请参阅：

http://www.pcguide.com/ref/hdd/bios/sizeMB504-c.html

7.22.2. Rescue Mode

Rescue mode provides the ability to boot a small Fedora environment entirely from boot media or some other boot method instead of the system's hard drive. There may be times when you are unable to get Fedora running completely enough to access files on your system's hard drive. Using rescue mode, you can access the files stored on your system's hard drive, even if you cannot actually run Fedora from that hard drive. If you need to use rescue mode, try the following method:

Using the CD-ROM to boot an x86, AMD64, or Intel® 64 system, type linux rescue at the installation boot prompt.

7.22.3. 其它可选的引导装载程序

GRUB is the default bootloader for Fedora, but is not the only choice. A variety of open-source and proprietary alternatives to GRUB are available to load Fedora, including LILO, SYSLINUX, Acronis Disk Director Suite, and Apple Boot Camp.

7.23. Package Group Selection

你已经完成了多数安装选择，现在就可以确认要为系统选择默认软件包还是定制软件包。

The Package Installation Defaults screen appears and details the default package set for your Fedora installation. This screen varies depending on the version of Fedora you are installing.

Installing from a Live Image

If you install from a Fedora Live image, you cannot make package selections. This installation method transfers a copy of the Live image rather than installing packages from a repository. To change the package selection, complete the installation, then use the Add/Remove Software application to make desired changes.

Installing in text mode

If you install Fedora in text mode, you cannot make package selections. The installer automatically selects packages only from the base and core groups. These packages are sufficient to ensure that the system is operational at the end of the installation process, ready to install updates and new packages. To change the package selection, complete the installation, then use the Add/Remove Software application to make desired changes.

选择你想要安装哪些软件包组。

图 7.27. Package Group Selection

By default, the Fedora installation process loads a selection of software that is suitable for a desktop system. To include or remove software for common tasks, select the relevant items from the list:

Office and Productivity: This option provides the OpenOffice.org productivity suite, the Planner project management application, graphical tools such as the GIMP, and multimedia applications.
Software Development: This option provides the necessary tools to compile software on your Fedora system.
Web server: This option provides the Apache Web server.

如果你选择接受当前的软件包列表，将跳到第 7.24 节 “准备安装”。

要选择组件，点击它旁边的复选框（参阅图 7.27 “Package Group Selection”）。

要进一步定制你的软件包，选择屏幕上的「现在定制」选项。点击「下一步」会把你带到「选择软件包组」屏幕。

7.23.1. Installing from Additional Repositories

You can define additional repositories to increase the software available to your system during installation. A repository is a network location that stores software packages along with metadata that describes them. Many of the software packages used in Fedora require other software to be installed. The installer uses the metadata to ensure that these requirements are met for every piece of software you select for installation.

The basic options are:

The Installation Repo repository is automatically selected for you. This represents the collection of software available on your installation CD or DVD.
The Fedora 11 - i386 repository contains the complete collection of software that was released as Fedora 11, with the various pieces of software in their versions that were current at the time of release. If you are installing from the Fedora 11 DVD or set of CDs, this option does not offer you anything extra. However, if you are installing from a Fedora Live CD, this option provides access to far more software than is included on the disk. Note that the computer must have access to the internet to use this option.
The Fedora 11 - i386 - Updates repository contains the complete collection of software that was released as Fedora 11, with the various pieces of software in their most current stable versions. This option not only installs the software that you select, but makes sure that it is fully updated as well. Note that the computer must have access to the internet to use this option.

Enter the details of additional software repositories.

图 7.28. Adding a software repository

To include software from repositories other than the Fedora package collection, select Add additional software repositories. You may provide the location of a repository of third-party software. Depending on the configuration of that repository, you may be able to select non-Fedora software during installation.

To edit an existing software repository location, select the repository in the list and then select Modify repository.

Network Access Required

If you change the repository information during a non-network installation, such as from a Fedora DVD, the installer prompts you for network configuration information.

If you select Add additional software repositories, the Edit repository dialog appears. Provide a Repository name and the Repository URL for its location.

Fedora Software Mirrors

To find a Fedora software mirror near you, refer to http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Mirrors.

Once you have located a mirror, to determine the URL to use, find the directory on the mirror that contains a directory named repodata. For instance, the "Everything" repository for Fedora is typically located in a directory tree releases/11/Everything/arch/os, where arch is a system architecture name.

Once you provide information for an additional repository, the installer reads the package metadata over the network. Software that is specially marked is then included in the package group selection system. See 第 7.23.2 节 “Customizing the Software Selection” for more information on selecting packages.

Backtracking Removes Repository Metadata

If you choose Back from the package selection screen, any extra repository data you may have entered is lost. This allows you to effectively cancel extra repositories. Currently there is no way to cancel only a single repository once entered.

7.23.2. Customizing the Software Selection

Select Customize now to specify the software packages for your final system in more detail. This option causes the installation process to display an additional customization screen when you select Next.

Installing Support for Additional Languages

Select Customize now to install support for additional languages. Refer to 第 7.23.2.2 节 “Additional Language Support” for more information on configuring language support.

选择从该组中添加或删除可选软件包。

7.24. 准备安装

7.24.1. 准备安装

A screen preparing you for the installation of Fedora now appears.

当你重新引导系统后，一份完整的安装日志可在 /root/install.log 中找到，以备今后参考。

要取消安装进程，按你的计算机的重设按钮，或者使用 Control+Alt+Delete 组合键来重启你的机器。

7.25. Installing Packages

到了这一步，在所有软件包被安装之前你将不必进行任何操作。安装的快慢要依据你所选择的软件包数量和你的计算机的速度而定。

Fedora reports the installation progress on the screen as it writes the selected packages to your system. Network and DVD installations require no further action. If you are using CDs to install, Fedora prompts you to change discs periodically. After you insert a disc, select OK to resume the installation.

After installation completes, select Reboot to restart your computer. Fedora ejects any loaded discs before the computer reboots.

Installing from a Live Image

If you install from a Fedora Live image, no reboot prompt appears. You may continue to use the Live image as desired, and reboot the system at any time to enjoy the newly installed Fedora system.

7.26. 安装完成

Congratulations! Your Fedora installation is now complete!

安装程序会提示你做好重新引导系统的准备。如果安装介质（磁盘驱动器内的磁盘或光盘驱动器内的光盘）在重新引导时没有被自动弹出，请记得取出它们。

^[2] A root password is the administrative password for your Fedora system. You should only log in as root when needed for system maintenance. The root account does not operate within the restrictions placed on normal user accounts, so changes made as root can have implications for your entire system.

^[3] fsck 程序用来检查文件系统元数据统一性，还可以选用它修复一个或多个 Linux 文件系统。

第 8 章在 Intel® 或 AMD 系统上进行安装的故障解除

8.1. You are unable to boot Fedora

8.1.1. 无法使用 RAID 卡来引导
8.1.2. 系统显示了信号 11 错误

8.2. 安装起始部分的问题

8.2.1. Problems with Booting into the Graphical Installation

8.3. 安装过程中的问题

8.3.1. No devices found to install Fedora Error Message
8.3.2. Saving traceback messages without removeable media
8.3.3. Trouble with Partition Tables
8.3.4. 使用剩余空间
8.3.5. 其它分区问题
8.3.6. 看到 Python 错误

8.4. 安装后的问题

8.4.1. 在 x86 系统的 GRUB 图形化屏幕中遇到问题
8.4.2. 引导入图形环境
8.4.3. 引导入 X 窗口系统（GUI）的问题
8.4.4. X 服务器崩溃和非根用户的问题
8.4.5. 登录时的问题
8.4.6. 你的内存不能够被识别吗？
8.4.7. 您的打印机无法工作
8.4.8. 配置声卡遇到问题
8.4.9. 基于 Apache httpd 的服务/Sendmail 在启动时挂起

该附录讨论一些常见的安装问题以及它们的解决办法。

8.1. You are unable to boot Fedora

8.1.1. 无法使用 RAID 卡来引导

如果你无法执行安装并且无法正确引导系统，你可能需要重新安装并且用不同的方式分区。

某些 BIOS 不支持从 RAID 卡引导。在安装的结束部分，一个基于文本的屏幕会显示引导装载程序提示（例如：GRUB:）以及一个闪动的光标。如果情况如此，你将会需要重新为你的系统分区。

不论你选择的是自动分区还是手工分区，你将会需要在 RAID 阵列之外，如一个分开的硬盘驱动器上，安装 /boot 分区。对于有问题的 RAID 卡，你必须有一个用于创建分区的内部硬盘驱动器。

你必须还要在 RAID 阵列外的一个驱动器的 MBR 上安装你优选的引导装载程序（GRUB 或 LILO）。引导装载程序应该安装在包含 /boot/ 分区的同一驱动器上。

当做完这些改变后，你应该可以结束安装并使用合适的方法引导系统。

8.1.2. 系统显示了信号 11 错误

一个信号 11 错误（通常被称为分段错误）通常意味着程序访问了没有分配给它的一段内存。如果您在安装的过程中遇到了一个致命的信号 11 错误，这可能是因为所安装的某个软件中存在错误，或者是硬件故障。

If you receive a fatal signal 11 error during your installation, it is probably due to a hardware error in memory on your system's bus. Like other operating systems, Fedora places its own demands on your system's hardware. Some of this hardware may not be able to meet those demands, even if they work properly under another OS.

Ensure that you have the latest installation updates and images. Review the online errata to see if newer versions are available. If the latest images still fail, it may be due to a problem with your hardware. Commonly, these errors are in your memory or CPU-cache. A possible solution for this error is turning off the CPU-cache in the BIOS, if your system supports this. You could also try to swap your memory around in the motherboard slots to check if the problem is either slot or memory related.

Another option is to perform a media check on your installation CD-ROMs. Anaconda, the installation program, has the ability to test the integrity of the installation media. It works with the CD, DVD, hard drive ISO, and NFS ISO installation methods. Red Hat recommends that you test all installation media before starting the installation process, and before reporting any installation-related bugs (many of the bugs reported are actually due to improperly-burned CDs). To use this test, type the following command at the boot: prompt:

linux mediacheck

关于信号 11 错误的详情，请参阅：

http://www.bitwizard.nl/sig11/

8.2. 安装起始部分的问题

8.2.1. Problems with Booting into the Graphical Installation

There are some video cards that have trouble booting into the graphical installation program. If the installation program does not run using its default settings, it tries to run in a lower resolution mode. If that still fails, the installation program attempts to run in text mode.

One possible solution is to try using the resolution= boot option. This option may be most helpful for laptop users. Another solution to try is the driver= option to specify the driver that should be loaded for your video card. If this works, it should be reported as a bug as the installer has failed to autodetect your videocard. Refer to 第 9 章 启动选项 for more information on boot options.

Note

To disable frame buffer support and allow the installation program to run in text mode, try using the nofb boot option. This command may be necessary for accessibility with some screen reading hardware.

8.3. 安装过程中的问题

8.3.1. `No devices found to install Fedora` Error Message

If you receive an error message stating No devices found to install Fedora, there is probably a SCSI controller that is not being recognized by the installation program.

查看硬件厂商的网站来查找是否有可以解决这个问题的驱动磁盘映像。更多关于驱动磁盘的信息，请参阅第 5 章 用于 Intel 或 AMD 系统的驱动介质。

You can also refer to the LinuxQuestions.org Hardware Compatibility List, available online at:

http://www.linuxquestions.org/hcl/index.php

8.3.2. Saving traceback messages without removeable media

If you receive a traceback error message during installation, you can usually save it to removeable media, for example a USB flash drive or a floppy disk.

If you do not have removeable media available on your system, you can scp the error message to a remote system.

当回溯追踪对话框出现时，回溯追踪消息会被自动写入一个叫做 /tmp/anacdump.txt 的文件。一旦这个对话框出现，键入 Ctrl+Alt+F2 来切换到一个新的 tty（虚拟控制台），然后使用 scp 命令把消息写入一个已知运行的远程系统上的 /tmp/anacdump.txt 文件中。

8.3.3. Trouble with Partition Tables

如果您在「磁盘分区设置」（第 7.18 节 “Disk Partitioning Setup”）阶段后遇到了一个与以下类似的错误：

无法读 hda 设备上的分区表。要创建新分区，分区表必须被初始化，这将破坏这个设备上的所有数据。

you may not have a partition table on that drive or the partition table on the drive may not be recognizable by the partitioning software used in the installation program.

使用过 EZ-BIOS 之类程序的用户遇到过类似的问题，这个问题导致了无法被恢复的数据丢失（假定安装前没有进行备份）。

No matter what type of installation you are performing, backups of the existing data on your systems should always be made.

8.3.4. 使用剩余空间

你创建了一个 swap 和一个 /（根）分区，而且选择了要让根分区使用剩余空间，但是它并不一定会填满整个硬盘驱动器。

如果你的硬盘大于 1024 个柱面，你必须创建一个 /boot 分区才能使 /（根）分区使用你的硬盘上的所有剩余空间。

8.3.5. 其它分区问题

If you create partitions manually, but cannot move to the next screen, you probably have not created all the partitions necessary for installation to proceed.

You must have the following partitions as a bare minimum:

A / (root) partition
A <swap> partition of type swap

Note

When defining a partition's type as swap, do not assign it a mount point. Anaconda automatically assigns the mount point for you.

8.3.6. 看到 Python 错误

During some upgrades or installations of Fedora, the installation program (also known as anaconda) may fail with a Python or traceback error. This error may occur after the selection of individual packages or while trying to save the upgrade log in the /tmp/directory. The error may look similar to:

Traceback (innermost last):
File "/var/tmp/anaconda-7.1//usr/lib/anaconda/iw/progress_gui.py", line 20, in run
rc = self.todo.doInstall ()    
File "/var/tmp/anaconda-7.1//usr/lib/anaconda/todo.py", line 1468, in doInstall 
self.fstab.savePartitions ()    
File "fstab.py", line 221, in savePartitions      
sys.exit(0)  
SystemExit: 0   
Local variables in innermost frame:  
self: <fstab.GuiFstab instance at 8446fe0>  
sys: <module 'sys' (built-in)>  
ToDo object:  (itodo  ToDo  p1  (dp2  S'method'  p3  (iimage  CdromInstallMethod  
p4  (dp5  S'progressWindow'  p6   <failed>

在会发生这个错误的系统中，到 /tmp/ 的链接可能是与其它位置的符号链接，或者 /tmp/ 自从创建以来已被改变。这些符号链接或被改变的链接在安装进程中无效，因此安装程序无法在其中写入信息而失败。

If you experience such an error, first try to download any available updates for anaconda. Updates for anaconda and instructions for using them can be found at:

http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda/Updates

anaconda 的网站也是一个有用的参考，它位于：

http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda

你还可以搜寻与这一问题有关的错误报告。要搜寻红帽的错误跟踪系统，请访问：

http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla/

8.4. 安装后的问题

8.4.1. 在 x86 系统的 GRUB 图形化屏幕中遇到问题

如果在使用 GRUB 时遇到问题，你可能需要禁用图形化引导屏幕。你可以用根用户身份编辑 /boot/grub/grub.conf 文件，然后重新引导系统来达到这一目的。

编辑方法是，把 grub.conf 文件中开头为 splashimage 的行变为注释。要将某一行变为注释，在这一行的起首插入 # 字符。

按 Enter 键来退出编辑模式。

回到引导装载程序屏幕后，键入 b 来引导系统。

当你重新引导后，grub.conf 文件将会被重读，你所做的改变就会生效。

你可以重新启用图形化引导屏幕，方法是在 grub.conf 文件中不注释掉（或添加）以上提到的那一行。

8.4.2. 引导入图形环境

If you have installed the X Window System but are not seeing a graphical desktop environment once you log into your system, you can start the X Window System graphical interface using the command startx.

输入了该命令后，按 Enter 键，图形化界面就会被显示。

不过请注意，这只在这一次中有效，并不会改变未来的登录进程。

要设置您的系统从而使您能够使用图形化屏幕登录，您必须编辑 /etc/inittab 这个文件，只需改变运行级别部分中的一个数字即可。编辑完毕后，重新引导计算机，您下次登录时就会看到图形化登录提示。

打开 shell 提示。如果您登录的是您的用户账号，键入 su 命令来变成根用户身份。

现在，键入 gedit /etc/inittab 来使用 gedit 编辑这个文件。/etc/inittab 文件就会打开。在第一个屏幕上，您会看到类似以下的部分：

# Default runlevel. The runlevels used are: 
#   0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) 
#   1 - Single user mode 
#   2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) 
#   3 - Full multiuser mode 
#   4 - unused 
#   5 - X11 
#   6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) 
#  id:3:initdefault:

要把登录从控制台改为图形化，您需要把 id:3:initdefault: 这一行中的数字从 3 改为 5。

Warning

请只把默认的运行级别数字从 3 改为 5。

你改后的那一行应该类似：

 id:5:initdefault:

当您对所做改变满意后，使用 Ctrl+Q 键组合来保存并退出该文件。您会看到一条消息询问您是否要保存所做改变。点击「保存」。

在你重新引导系统后再次登录时，你就会看到图形化登录提示。

8.4.3. 引导入 X 窗口系统（GUI）的问题

如果你在启动 X（X 窗口系统）时遇到问题，你可能在安装过程中没有安装它。

If you want X, you can either install the packages from the Fedora installation media or perform an upgrade.

如果你选择了升级，选择 X 窗口系统软件包组，然后在升级软件包选择过程中选择 GNOME、KDE、或两者皆选。

8.4.4. X 服务器崩溃和非根用户的问题

如果你在使用非根帐号登录时遇到 X 服务器崩溃问题，你的文件系统可能已满（或者缺乏可用的硬盘空间）。

要找出所遇到问题的症结所在，运行以下命令：

df -h

df 命令会帮助您诊断哪个分区已满。关于 df 命令及其选项（如本例中使用的 -h 选项）的更多信息，请参阅 df 的说明书页，方法是在 shell 提示下键入 man df。

关键指标是分区充满程度达到 100%，或者 90% 或 95%。/home/ 和 /tmp/ 分区有时会被用户文件很快填满。您可以删除些老文件来在分区里腾出些位置。腾出些空间后，试着再以普通用户身份运行 X 服务器。

8.4.5. 登录时的问题

If you did not create a user account in the Setup Agent, log in as root and use the password you assigned to root.

如果您没有记住根口令，您需要把系统引导为 linux single。

如果您使用的是基于 x86 的系统，GRUB 是您所安装的引导装载程序，载入了 GRUB 引导屏幕后，键入 e 来编辑。您会看到您所选定的引导标签的配置文件中的项目列表。

选择以 kernel 开始的行并输入 e 来编辑这个启动项。

在 kernel 行的结尾处，添加：

single

Press Enter to exit edit mode.

Once the boot loader screen has returned, type b to boot the system.

当您启动到单一用户模式并获得了 # 提示符后，您需要输入 passwd root，它允许您为根用户输入一个新口令。然后，您可以输入 shutdown -r now 来使用新的根用户口令重新启动这个系统。

如果您忘记了您的用户帐号口令，您必须变成根用户。要变成根用户，键入 su - ，在提示后输入根口令，然后键入 passwd <username>。这将会允许您为某一指定的用户帐号输入一个新口令。

If the graphical login screen does not appear, check your hardware for compatibility issues. Linuxquestions.org maintains a Hardware Compatibility List at:

http://www.linuxquestions.org/hcl/index.php

8.4.6. 你的内存不能够被识别吗？

有时，内核不能识别您的全部内存（RAM）。您可以用 cat /proc/meminfo 命令来校验。

查看一下所显示的数量是否与您所知的系统内存相同。如果不同，在 /boot/grub/grub.conf 文件中添加以下一行：

mem=xxM

把 xx 替换成你拥有的内存数量（以 MB 为单位）。

在 /boot/grub/grub.conf 文件中，以上的例子与下面相似：,

# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that 
#  all kernel paths are relative to /boot/ 
default=0 
timeout=30 
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz 
 title Fedora (2.6.27.19-170.2.35.fc10.i686)
root (hd0,1)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.27.19-170.2.35.fc10.i686 ro root=UUID=04a07c13-e6bf-6d5a-b207-002689545705 mem=1024M
initrd /initrd-2.6.27.19-170.2.35.fc10.i686.img

重新引导后，grub.conf 文件中的改变将会反映在您的系统中。

当您已载入 GRUB 引导屏幕后，键入 e 来编辑。您所选定的引导标签的配置文件中的项目列表就会在您面前出现。

选择开头为 kernel 的行，然后键入 e 来编辑这一引导项目。

在 kernel 行的末尾，添加：

mem=xxM

这里的 xx 与你系统的内存数量相同。

Press Enter to exit edit mode.

Once the boot loader screen has returned, type b to boot the system.

Itanium users must enter boot commands with elilo followed by the boot command.

请记住将 xx 替换成您系统的内存数量。按 Enter 键来引导。

8.4.7. 您的打印机无法工作

如果您不能肯定该如何设置打印机，或者您在设置过程中遇到问题，请使用 「打印机配置工具」。

在 shell 提示下键入 system-config-printer 命令来启动「打印机配置工具」。如果您不是根用户，它会提示您输入根密码后再继续。

8.4.8. 配置声卡遇到问题

如果由于某种原因，您听不到声音，但是您知道自己安装了一个声卡，您可以运行「声卡配置工具」（system-config-soundcard）。

To use the Sound Card Configuration Tool, choose Main Menu => System => Administration => Soundcard Detection in GNOME, or Main Menu => Computer => System Settings => Multimedia in KDE. A small text box pops up prompting you for your root password.

您还可以在 shell 提示下键入 system-config-soundcard 命令来启动 「声卡配置工具」。如果您不是根用户，它会提示您输入根密码后再继续。

If the Sound Card Configuration Tool does not work (if the sample does not play and you still do not have audio sounds), it is likely that your sound card is not yet supported in Fedora.

8.4.9. 基于 Apache `httpd` 的服务/Sendmail 在启动时挂起

如果您在系统启动时遇到基于 Apache httpd 的服务或 Sendmail 挂起的错误，请检查以下行包括在 /etc/hosts 文件中：

127.0.0.1  localhost.localdomain  localhost

部分 III. Advanced installation options

This part of the Fedora Installation Guide covers more complex and uncommon methods of installing Fedora, including:

boot options.
installing without media.
installing through VNC.
using kickstart to automate the installation process.

9. 启动选项

9.1. 在启动菜单下配置安装系统

9.1.1. 指定语言
9.1.2. 配置界面
9.1.3. 更新anaconda
9.1.4. 指定安装方法
9.1.5. 手动配置网络设置

9.2. 允许远程访问安装系统

9.2.1. 允许用 VNC 远程访问
9.2.2. 连接安装系统到一个 VNC 监听程序
9.2.3. 允许用 Telnet 远程访问

9.3. 在安装期间记录日志到远程主机

9.3.1. 配置服务器日志

9.4. 使用 Kickstart 实现自动安装

9.5. 增强的硬件支持

9.5.1. 用驱动磁盘支持增加的硬件
9.5.2. 越过自动硬件检测

9.6. 用维修引导模式

9.6.1. 加载内存 (RAM) 检测模式
9.6.2. 验证启动介质
9.6.3. 以修复模式引导您的计算机
9.6.4. 升级您的计算机

10. 无介质的安装

10.1. 搜索引导文件
10.2. 编辑 GRUB 配置
10.3. 引导安装

11.5. Manually configure a PXE server

11.5.1. Setting up the Network Server
11.5.2. PXE Boot Configuration
11.5.3. Adding PXE Hosts
11.5.4. TFTPD
11.5.5. 配置 DHCP 服务器
11.5.6. Adding a Custom Boot Message
11.5.7. Performing the PXE Installation

12. Installing Through VNC

12.1. VNC Viewer

12.2. VNC Modes in Anaconda

12.2.1. Direct Mode
12.2.2. Connect Mode

12.3. Installation Using VNC

12.3.1. Installation Example
12.3.2. Kickstart Considerations
12.3.3. 关于防火墙

12.4. References

13. kickstart 安装

13.1. kickstart 安装是什么？

13.2. 如何执行 kickstart 安装

13.3. 创建 kickstart 文件

13.4. kickstart 选项

13.4.1. 高级的分区示例

13.5. Package Selection

13.6. 预安装脚本

13.6.1. 范例

13.7. 安装后脚本

13.7.1. 范例

13.8. 如何使 kickstart 文件可被利用

13.8.1. 创建 kickstart 引导介质
13.8.2. 在网络上提供 Kickstart 文件

13.9. 提供安装树

13.10. 开始 kickstart 安装

14. Kickstart Configurator

14.4.1. 创建分区

14.5. Network Configuration

14.6. 验证

14.7. 防火墙配置

14.7.1. SELinux 配置

14.8. 显示配置

14.9. Package Selection

14.10. 预安装脚本

14.11. 安装后脚本

14.11.1. chroot 环境
14.11.2. 使用解释器

14.12. 保存文件

第 9 章启动选项

9.1. 在启动菜单下配置安装系统

9.1.1. 指定语言
9.1.2. 配置界面
9.1.3. 更新anaconda
9.1.4. 指定安装方法
9.1.5. 手动配置网络设置

9.2. 允许远程访问安装系统

9.2.1. 允许用 VNC 远程访问
9.2.2. 连接安装系统到一个 VNC 监听程序
9.2.3. 允许用 Telnet 远程访问

9.3. 在安装期间记录日志到远程主机

9.3.1. 配置服务器日志

9.4. 使用 Kickstart 实现自动安装

9.5. 增强的硬件支持

9.5.1. 用驱动磁盘支持增加的硬件
9.5.2. 越过自动硬件检测

9.6. 用维修引导模式

9.6.1. 加载内存 (RAM) 检测模式
9.6.2. 验证启动介质
9.6.3. 以修复模式引导您的计算机
9.6.4. 升级您的计算机

Fedora 安装系统包括一系列管理程序的功能和选项。要使用引导选项，在 boot: 提示符下输入 linux option。

如果您需要指定多个选项，用空格分开它们。例如：

linux 选项1 选项2 选项3

Anaconda 启动选项

Anaconda 安装程序有许多的启动选项，绝大多数都列在 http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda/Options 维基网页中。

内核启动选项

The http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/KernelCommonProblems page lists many common kernel boot options. The full list of kernel options is in the file /usr/share/doc/kernel-doc-version/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt, which is installed with the kernel-doc package.

Rescue Mode

Fedora 安装和 救援光盘 任何一个都能以 救援模式 启动，或加载安装系统。关于救援光盘和救援模式的更多信息，请参考第 9.6.3 节 “以修复模式引导您的计算机”。

9.1. 在启动菜单下配置安装系统

您能用启动菜单来指定安装系统的许多设置，包括：

language
显示分辨率
界面类型
Installation method
网络设置

9.1.1. 指定语言

要设定安装过程和最终系统的语言，用lang选项指定语言的ISO编码。用keymap选项配置正确的键盘布局。

例如， ISO 编码 el_GR 和 gr 分别是希腊语和希腊键盘布局:

linux lang=el_GR keymap=gr

9.1.2. 配置界面

您也可以用lowres 选项强制使用可用的最低分辨率 (640x480) 安装系统。要指定显示分辨率，在引导选项输入 resolution=setting 。例如,要设置显示分辨率为1024x768，输入:

linux resolution=1024x768

To run the installation process in text mode, enter:

linux text

To enable support for a serial console, enter serial as an additional option.

使用display=ip:0来转发远程显示。此命令中ip应替换为您想用来显示的计算机的IP地址。

在你希望进行显示的系统上执行 xhost +remotehostname,这里，remotehostname 是原来要进行显示的主机，使用命令xhost +remotehostname 用来限制远程终端的访问，禁止未授权者进行远程访问。

9.1.3. 更新anaconda

您可使用比安装介质中更新的anaconda来安装Fedora。

The boot option

linux updates

presents you with a prompt that asks you for a floppy disk containing anaconda updates. You do not need to specify this option if you are performing a network installation and have already placed the updates image contents in rhupdates/ on the server.

要从网络中加载anaconda更新，使用：

linux updates=

followed by the URL for the location where the updates are stored.

9.1.4. 指定安装方法

用 askmethod 选项来显示您能指定的安装方法和网络设置的附加菜单。您也能在boot:提示符下配置安装方法和网络设置。

要指定安装方法在boot:提示时，用method选项。关于支持的安装方法请参考表 9.1 “Installation methods” 。

Installation method	Option format
CD 或 DVD 驱动器	`method=cdrom`
Hard Drive	`method=hd://device/`
HTTP Server	`method=http://server.mydomain.com/directory/`
FTP Server	`method=ftp://server.mydomain.com/directory/`
NFS Server	`method=nfs:server.mydomain.com:/directory/`

表 9.1. Installation methods

9.1.5. 手动配置网络设置

默认情况下，安装系统用DHCP来自动获得正确的网络设置。要手动配置自己的网络设置, 在 Configure TCP/IP(配置 TCP/IP) 屏幕，或 boot: 提示符下任选其一输入。在提示符下，您可以为安装系统指定 ip 地址， netmask， gateway，和 dns 服务器设置。如果您在 boot: 提示符下指定网络配置,这些设置将用在安装过程中，而 Configure TCP/IP(配置 TCP/IP) 屏幕不会出现。

这个例子是为一个用192.168.1.10作为IP地址的安装系统来配置网络设置:

linux ip=192.168.1.10 子网掩码=255.255.255.0 网关=192.168.1.1 dns=192.168.1.2,192.168.1.3

配置安装系统

Use the Network Configuration screen to specify the network settings for the new system. Refer to 第 7.15.1 节 “Manual configuration” for more information on configuring the network settings for the installed system.

9.2. 允许远程访问安装系统

You may access either graphical or text interfaces for the installation system from any other system. Access to a text mode display requires telnet, which is installed by default on Fedora systems. To remotely access the graphical display of an installation system, use client software that supports the VNC (Virtual Network Computing) display protocol. A number of providers offer VNC clients for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, as well as UNIX-based systems.

正在安装一个 VNC 客户端到 Fedora

Fedora includes vncviewer, the client provided by the developers of VNC. To obtain vncviewer, install the vnc package.

安装系统支持两种方式建立一个VNC 连接. 您可以开始安装，然后用其他系统的 VNC 客户端手动登陆图形显示。除此之外，您也可以配置安装系统运行 listening mode自动连接到网络上的VNC客户端。

9.2.1. 允许用 VNC 远程访问

To enable remote graphical access to the installation system, enter two options at the prompt:

linux vnc vncpassword=qwerty

vnc 选项允许 VNC 服务。vncpassword 选项设置一个远程访问密码。这个例子中显示上面的密码设置是 qwerty。

VNC Passwords

VNC 密码必须至少有六个字符。

在下面这个屏幕指定安装系统的语言，键盘布局和网络设置。您可以通过一个VNC客户端访问图形界面。安装系统显示正确的VNC客户端连接设置:

正在启动VNC...
VNC 服务器已开始运行
请连接computer.mydomain.com:1 开始安装...
开始图形化安装...
按 <回车> 打开shell

You may then login to the installation system with a VNC client. To run the vncviewer client on Fedora, choose Applications → Accessories → VNC Viewer, or type the command vncviewer in a terminal window. Enter the server and display number in the VNC Server dialog. For the example above, the VNC Server is computer.mydomain.com:1.

9.2.2. 连接安装系统到一个 VNC 监听程序

To have the installation system automatically connect to a VNC client, first start the client in listening mode. On Fedora systems, use the -listen option to run vncviewer as a listener. In a terminal window, enter the command:

vncviewer -listen

防火墙必须重新配置

By default, vncviewer uses TCP port 5500 when in listening mode. To permit connections to this port from other systems, choose System → Administration → Firewall. Select Other ports, and Add. Enter 5500 in the Port(s) field, and specify tcp as the Protocol.

一旦客户端监听激活，开始安装系统并在boot: 提示符下设置 VNC 选项。除vnc 和 vncpassword选项之外，用vncconnect选项来指定监听的客户端的名字或IP地址。要指定监听者的TCP端口，给系统名增加一个冒号和端口号。

例如，要在连接到系统 desktop.mydomain.com 的 5500 端口上的一个 VNC 客户端，在boot: 提示符下输入下面的 :

linux vnc vncpassword=qwerty vncconnect=desktop.mydomain.com:5500

9.2.3. 允许用 Telnet 远程访问

To enable remote access to a text mode installation, use the telnet option at the boot: prompt:

linux text telnet

您可以用telnet实用程序连接到安装系统。telnet 命令需要安装系统的名字或IP地址：

telnet computer.mydomain.com

Telnet不需要密码

要确认安装过程的安全，只在网络的访问受限制时用telnet安装系统

9.3. 在安装期间记录日志到远程主机

By default, the installation process sends log messages to the console as they are generated. You may specify that these messages go to a remote system that runs a syslog service.

要配置远程记录日志，增加 syslog 选项。指定记录系统的IP地址，和该系统日志服务的 UDP 端口号。默认情况下，syslog 服务在 UDP 端口514 上监听远程信息。

例如，要连接到一个系统192.168.1.20上的syslog服务，在boot: 提示符下输入下面的：

linux syslog=192.168.1.20:514

9.3.1. 配置服务器日志

Fedora uses rsyslog to provide a syslog service. The default configuration of rsyslog rejects messages from remote systems.

只允许安全网络的远程Syslog访问

The rsyslog configuration detailed below does not make use of any of the security measures available in rsyslog Crackers may slow or crash systems that permit access to the logging service, by sending large quantities of false log messages. In addition, hostile users may intercept or falsify messages sent to the logging service over the network.

To configure a Fedora system to accept log messages from other systems on the network, edit the file /etc/rsyslog.conf. You must use root privileges to edit the file /etc/rsyslog.conf. Uncomment the following lines by removing the hash preceding them:

$ModLoad imudp.so
        $UDPServerRun 514

Restart the rsyslog service to apply the change:

su -c '/sbin/service rsyslog restart'

Enter the root password when prompted.

防火墙必须重新配置

By default, the syslog service listens on UDP port 514. To permit connections to this port from other systems, choose System → Administration → Firewall. Select Other ports, and Add. Enter 514 in the Port(s) field, and specify udp as the Protocol.

9.4. 使用 Kickstart 实现自动安装

A Kickstart file specifies settings for an installation. Once the installation system boots, it can read a Kickstart file and carry out the installation process without any further input from a user.

每次安装产生一个 Kickstart 文件

Fedora 安装过程自动生成一个包括已安装系统设置的 Kickstart 文件。这个文件总是存储在/root/anaconda-ks.cfg。您能用这个文件用同样的设置重复安装系统。或者修改拷贝来细化其他系统的设置。

Fedora includes a graphical application to create and modify Kickstart files by selecting the options that you require. Use the package system-config-kickstart to install this utility. To load the Fedora Kickstart editor, choose Applications → System Tools → Kickstart.

Kickstart文件以每行一个选项，纯文本的列出安装设置。这个格式让您用任何文本编辑器修改您的Kickstart文件，并为您的系统写脚本或应用程序来生成一个定制的Kickstart文件。

要用Kickstart文件自动化安装，用ks 选项指定文件的名字和位置:

linux ks=location/kickstart-file.cfg

您可以把Kickstart文件放在任何一个移动存储，硬盘驱动器，或网络服务器上。关于支持的Kickstart来源请参考表 9.2 “Kickstart sources” 。

Kickstart source	Option format
CD 或 DVD 驱动器	`ks=cdrom:/directory/ks.cfg`
Hard Drive	`ks=hd:/device/directory/ks.cfg`
其它设备	`ks=file:/device/directory/ks.cfg`
HTTP Server	`ks=http://server.mydomain.com/directory/ks.cfg`
FTP Server	`ks=ftp://server.mydomain.com/directory/ks.cfg`
NFS Server	`ks=nfs:server.mydomain.com:/directory/ks.cfg`

表 9.2. Kickstart sources

要从一个网络服务器上的脚本或应用中获得 Kickstart 文件，用 ks= 选项指定这个应用的 URL 链接。如果您增加 kssendmac 选项，请求也将发送 HTTP 报头到网络应用程序。您的应用程序能用这个报头来识别电脑。这行发送一个带报头的请求给应用程序http://server.mydomain.com/kickstart.cgi：

linux ks=http://server.mydomain.com/kickstart.cgi kssendmac

9.5. 增强的硬件支持

默认情况下， Fedora 尝试自动检测和配置您电脑上所有支持的部件。Fedora 用操作系统自带的软件 drivers支持普遍使用的大部分硬件。要支持其他设备您需要在安装期间或稍后提供一个附加驱动。

9.5.1. 用驱动磁盘支持增加的硬件

安装系统能从磁盘，优盘，或网络服务器加载驱动来配置支持的一个新设备。在完成安装之后，取出任何驱动盘并保存以备稍后使用。

Hardware manufacturers may supply driver disks for Fedora with the device, or provide image files to prepare the disks. To obtain the latest drivers, download the correct file from the website of the manufacturer.

驱动盘支持压缩文件

Driver disk images may be distributed as compressed archives, or zip files. For identification, the names of zip files include the extensions .zip, or .tar.gz. To extract the contents of a zipped file with a Fedora system, choose Applications → Accessories → Archive Manager.

要以一个镜像文件来格式化磁盘或优盘，用 dd 实用程序。例如，准备要用镜像文件 drivers.img 来做一个磁碟，在终端窗口输入这个命令：

dd if=drivers.img of=/dev/fd0

要在安装过程用一个驱动盘，在 boot: 提示符下用 dd 选项。

linux dd

注意dd选项与driverdisk选项通用。

当被提示，选择 Yes 来提供一个驱动磁盘时。选择 Driver Disk Source 文本屏幕上的列表里放有驱动盘的驱动器。

安装系统也能从在网络服务器上的磁盘镜像中读取驱动。关于支持的驱动盘镜像来源参考表 9.3 “Driver disk image sources”。

Image source	Option format
选择一个驱动器和设备。	`dd`
HTTP Server	`dd=http://server.mydomain.com/directory/drivers.img`
FTP Server	`dd=ftp://server.mydomain.com/directory/drivers.img`
NFS Server	`dd=nfs:server.mydomain.com:/directory/drivers.img`

表 9.3. Driver disk image sources

9.5.2. 越过自动硬件检测

对于一些设备自动硬件配置的模块可能失败，或者导致不稳定。在这种情况下，您可能需要禁止这个设备类型的自动配置，然后在安装过程完成后采用附加步骤手动配置这个设备。

检查发行注记

参考发行注记获得特殊设备已知问题的信息。

要越过自动硬件检测，用下面的一个或更多选项：

Compatibility	Option
禁止所有硬件检测	`noprobe`
禁止图形，键盘，和鼠标检测	`headless`
禁用将键盘和鼠标信息传递给安装的第二步	`nopass`
为视频使用基本的 VESA 驱动	`xdriver=vesa`
安装过程中禁止shell访问虚拟终端2	`noshell`
禁用高级电源配置界面(ACPI)	`acpi=off`
禁用计算机检查例外(MCE)CPU自检。	`nomce`
在AMD64架构下禁用非均匀内存访问	`numa-off`
强制内核探测指定数额的内存，`xxx`以MB为单位。	`mem=xxxm`
仅为 IDE 和 SATA 驱动器启用 DMA	`libata.dma=1`
禁止 BIOS-assisted RAID	`nodmraid`
禁止火线设备检测	`nofirewire`
禁止并行端口检测	`noparport`
禁止 PC 卡 (PCMCIA) 设备检测	`nopcmcia`
禁止 USB 存储设备检测	`nousbstorage`
禁止所有 USB 设备检测	`nousb`
禁止所有网络设备探测	`nonet`

表 9.4. 硬件选项

附加屏幕

isa 选项让系统在安装过程的开始显示一个附加文本界面。用这个屏幕配置您电脑上的 ISA 设备。

重要

其它内核启动项对anaconda没有特别意义，并且对安装过程无影响。然而如果使用这些选项启动系统，anaconda会将它们保存到引导器配置文件中。

9.6. 用维修引导模式

9.6.1. 加载内存 (RAM) 检测模式

内存模块的错误可能导致系统突然停止响应或崩溃。有时，内存模块错误只会在特定的软件组合中出现。因此，您应当在第一次安装 Fedora 系统前测试内存，即使它以前可以运行其他操作系统。

Fedora includes the Memtest86 memory testing application. To boot your computer in memory testing mode, choose Memory test at the boot menu. The first test starts immediately. By default, Memtest86 carries out a total of ten tests.

要中止测试并重新引导您的计算机，随时可以输入 Esc。

9.6.2. 验证启动介质

在使用介质安装Fedora前，您可以测试基于ISO安装程序的完整性。这些程序包括CD，DVD及本地或NFS服务器上存储的ISO镜像。在安装前对ISO镜像进行验证有助于避免安装过程中出现的问题。

Fedora提供了三种检测ISO文件的方法：

在Fedora LIve CD中选择验证和启动选项。要访问Live CD的启动菜单，请在启动画面出现的十秒内按任意键。
当从Fedora发行版CD或DVD启动时，在提示中选择OK来检测安装介质。
添加mediacheck选项启动Fedora。

9.6.3. 以修复模式引导您的计算机

You may boot a command-line Linux system from either a rescue disc or an installation disc, without installing Fedora on the computer. This enables you to use the utilities and functions of a running Linux system to modify or repair systems that are already installed on your computer.

救援光盘默认开始救援模式系统。要用安装光盘加载救援模式，从启动菜单中选择 Rescue installed system。

在下面的屏幕为修复系统

默认情况下，修复模式附加一个现有的操作系统到 /mnt/sysimage/ 下来修复系统

9.6.4. 升级您的计算机

之前的启动选项upgrade，已由安装过程中的一个阶段代替，安装过程中会提示您升级或重新安装在您计算机上检测出的早期版本的Fedora。

但如果/etc/fedora-release文件内容被改过的话，安装程序可能无法正确的检测出旧版本的Fedora。启动选项upgradeany会跳过安装程序的这个检测并允许您在旧版本未被正确识别的情况下升级Fedora。

第 10 章无介质的安装

10.1. 搜索引导文件
10.2. 编辑 GRUB 配置
10.3. 引导安装

这部分讨论如何在您的系统中在不生成附加物理介质的情况下安装 Fedora。另外，您可以使用现有 GRUB 引导装载程序启动安装程序。

linux 需要的

这个过程假设您有使用 Fedora 或者其它相关 Linux 发行本以及 GRUB 的经验。它还假设您是一个有 Linux 使用经验的用户。

10.1. 搜索引导文件

要执行无介质安装或者 PXE 服务器安装，您的系统必须在本地安装两个文件，一个内核和一个初始 RAM 磁盘。

Download a Live image or DVD distribution, or to locate an installation mirror, visit http://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/publiclist/Fedora/11/.
请使用以下方法之一定位 isolinux/ 文件夹：
- 如果您选择下载映像，请使用适当的桌面工具打开。如果您正在使用 Fedora，请双击该文件用 Archive Manager 打开它。打开 isolinux/ 文件夹。
- If you chose not to download a whole image because you wish to install via the network, locate the desired release. In general, once you find a suitable mirror, browse to the releases/11/Fedora/arch/os/isolinux/ folder.
可用安装类型
如果您下载了一个映像，您可能接下来选择基于硬盘的安装或者网络安装。如果您只从一个镜像中下载选择的文件，您可能只能执行网络安装。
从选择的源中将 vmlinuz 和 initrd.img 复制到 /boot/ 目录，将其重新命名为 vmlinuz-install 和 initrd.img-install。您必须有 root 权限以便可将文件写入 /boot/ 目录。

10.2. 编辑 GRUB 配置

GRUB 引导装载程序使用配置文件 /boot/grub/grub.conf。要将 GRUB 配置为从新的文件引导，请在 /boot/grub/grub.conf 中添加一个指向它们的引导字段。

最小的引导字段类似如下：

title Installation
        root (hd0,0)
        kernel /vmlinuz-install
        initrd /initrd.img-install

您可能希望在引导字段 kernel 行最后添加选项。这些选项会在用户通常互动设定的 Anaconda 设置初步选项。可用安装程序引导选项列表请参考第 9 章 启动选项。

以下选项通常用于无介质安装中：

ip=
method=
lang=
keymap=
ksdevice=（如果安装需要 eth0 之外的接口）
vnc 和 vncpassword= 用于远程安装

完成后，在 /boot/grub/grub.conf 文件中更改 default 选项指向您新添加的第一个字段：

default 0

10.3. 引导安装

重启系统。GRUB 引导安装内核和 RAM 磁盘，包括您设置的所有选项。您现在可能要参考本指南的有关章节进行下一步安装。如果您选择使用 VNC 进行远程安装，请参考第 9.2 节 “允许远程访问安装系统” 查看如何连接远程系统。

第 11 章配置一个安装服务器

11.5. Manually configure a PXE server

11.5.1. Setting up the Network Server
11.5.2. PXE Boot Configuration
11.5.3. Adding PXE Hosts
11.5.4. TFTPD
11.5.5. 配置 DHCP 服务器
11.5.6. Adding a Custom Boot Message
11.5.7. Performing the PXE Installation

针对有经验的用户

这部分附录是针对有过使用Linux经验的用户的。对于新用户，推荐使用DVD发行版中的Minimal Boot Media。

Warning

The instructions in this appendix configures an automated install server. The default configuration includes destruction of all existing data on all disks for hosts that install using this method. This is often different from other network install server configurations which may provide for an interactive installation experience.

Fedora allows for installation over a network using the NFS, FTP, or HTTP protocols. A network installation can be started from a boot CD-ROM, a bootable flash memory drive, or by using the askmethod boot option with the Fedora CD #1 or DVD. Alternatively, if the system to be installed contains a network interface card (NIC) with Pre-Execution Environment (PXE) support, it can be configured to boot from files on another networked system rather than local media such as a CD-ROM.

For a PXE network installation, the client's NIC with PXE support sends out a broadcast request for DHCP information. The DHCP server provides the client with an IP address, other network information such as name server, the IP address or hostname of the tftp server (which provides the files necessary to start the installation program), and the location of the files on the tftp server. This is possible because of PXELINUX, which is part of the syslinux package.

In the past, administrators needed to perform a great deal of manual configuration to produce an installation server. However, if you have a Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS, or Fedora server on your local network, you can use cobbler to perform these tasks. To configure a PXE server manually, see 第 11.5 节 “Manually configure a PXE server”.

这一部分向导里的工作，需要切换到root账户来进行。切换的命令是su -。另外一种方法是每次运行命令是在前面加上su -c，使命令行成为su -c 'command'。

11.1. 配置cobbler

使用以下命令安装cobbler。

yum -y install cobbler

cobbler命令可以进行设置的自检并报告检测结过。运行以下命令以检测设置：

cobbler check

改变 /var/lib/cobbler/settings 文件的设置来反映服务器的 IP 地址信息。您至少需要修改 server 和next_server 两项，虽然有时它们的 IP 地址相同

如果您还没有运行 DHCP 服务，您还要修改manage_dhcp 参数为 1。如果您已有一个运行的 DHCP 服务器，请根据 syslinux 软件包的内容进行配置。更多信息参考本地文件 /usr/share/doc/syslinux-version/syslinux.doc 和 /usr/share/doc/syslinux-version/pxelinux.doc。

11.2. 设置发布目录

从一个完整的 Fedora DVD 或 ISO 映像设置发布目录，采用这个步骤

网络位置

从网路源创建本地镜像请跳过这章，请参考第 11.3 节 “映射网络位置”

如果您使用 DVD 盘片或 ISO 映像，请创建一个目录作为挂载点
```
mkdir /mnt/dvd
```
要挂载一个 DVD 盘片，在输入下列命令：
```
mount -o context=system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 /dev/dvd /mnt/dvd
```
要挂载一个DVD ISO 镜像，输入下列命令：
```
mount -ro loop,context=system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 /path/to/image.iso /mnt/dvd
```
支持 NFS 安装，创建一个文件 /etc/exports，添加如下内容
```
/mnt/dvd *(ro,async)
```
输入下列命令，启动 NFS 服务器：
```
/sbin/service rpcbind start /sbin/service nfs start
```
要支持 HTTP 安装，如果 Apache 还没有安装则先用 yum 进行安装：
```
yum -y install httpd
```
在 Apache 的公共内容区创建挂载磁盘内容的连接：
```
ln -s /mnt/dvd /var/www/html/distro
```

11.3. 映射网络位置

如果没有创建发布目录所需的光盘或映像，您可以用 cobbler 来配置一个发布服务器。cobbler命令在导入过程中可以从网络获取发布目录

定位网络发布目录。具体位置可能是一个 FTP,HTTP 或 rsync 可以访问的网络主机。需注意 URI 的写法应为如下格式：

http://mirror.example.com/pub/fedora/linux/releases/11/Fedora/arch/os
ftp://mirror.example.com/pub/fedora/linux/releases/11/Fedora/arch/os
rsync://mirror.example.com/fedora/linux/releases/11/Fedora/arch/os

11.4. 导入发行版

如需通过多种方法访问发布目录，对不同方法采用不同名称执行 cobbler import。建议用安装方法作为名称的一部分，这样客户端的启动目录里会得到体现

将 DVD 或 ISO 发布命令导入 cobbler 执行这个命令：
```
cobbler import --path=/mnt/dvd --name=distro_name
```
对 distro_name来说，为这个发行本替换了一个有意义的名称。
要将一个本地或者远程网络发行本导入 cobbler，请运行这个命令。请使用您在第 11.3 节 “映射网络位置” 找到的 URI 替换 network_URI，并使用上述名称替换 distro_name。
```
cobbler import --mirror=network_URI --name=distro_name
```
导入一个源
cobbler用如上命令导入发布目录时，会将所有文件拷贝到服务器上，这将会花一点时间。
如果您认为没有必要再创建一个本地的副本，客户端可以访问发布目录，可以用 --available-as 选项。
```
cobbler import --path=/mnt/dvd --name=distro_name --available-as=network_URI
cobbler import --mirror=network_URI --name=distro_name --available-as=network_URI
```
替换 nework_URI 为恰当的网络发布路径。这个 URI 显示服务器如何提供发布目录给客户端。上面的例子假定您的 cobbler 服务器和您的客户端用相同的 URI 来访问镜像。如果不是可用 --mirror 来改变。如果您按照本章的内容设置则下面的例子将可以工作，假设服务器的地址为 192.168.1.1：
- nfs://192.168.1.1:/mnt/dvd
- http://192.168.1.1:/distro
如必要，请将 192.168.1.1 替换为您 cobbler 服务器的 IP 地址。
运行 cobbler sync 提交。用 netstat -lp 命令检查 cobbler 服务器是否监听相应端口。
关于防火墙
根据服务器配置，您可能需要用 system-config-securitylevel 来设置防火墙以允许相应的网络服务：
- 67 或者 bootps，用于 DHCP/BOOTP 服务器
- 69 或者 tftp，用于提供 PXE 载入程序
- 80 or http, 如果 cobbler 服务器提供 HTTP 安装服务
- 20 and 21 or ftp，如果 cobbler 服务器提供 FTP 安装服务
- 111 or sunrpc, 如果 cobbler 服务器提供 NFS 安装服务

11.5. Manually configure a PXE server

The following steps must be performed to prepare for a PXE installation:

Configure the network (NFS, FTP, HTTP) server to export the installation tree.
Configure the files on the tftp server necessary for PXE booting.
Configure which hosts are allowed to boot from the PXE configuration.
Start the tftp service.
Configure DHCP.
Boot the client, and start the installation.

11.5.1. Setting up the Network Server

First, configure an NFS, FTP, or HTTP server to export the entire installation tree for the version and variant of Fedora to be installed. Refer to 第 3.5 节 “筹备网络安装” for detailed instructions.

11.5.2. PXE Boot Configuration

The next step is to copy the files necessary to start the installation to the tftp server so they can be found when the client requests them. The tftp server is usually the same server as the network server exporting the installation tree.

To copy these files, run the Network Booting Tool on the NFS, FTP, or HTTP server. A separate PXE server is not necessary.

11.5.3. Adding PXE Hosts

After configuring the network server, the interface as shown in 图 11.1 “Add Hosts” is displayed.

Add Hosts

图 11.1. Add Hosts

The next step is to configure which hosts are allowed to connect to the PXE boot server.

To add hosts, click the New button.

Add a Host

图 11.2. Add a Host

Enter the following information:

Hostname or IP Address/Subnet — The IP address, fully qualified hostname, or a subnet of systems that should be allowed to connect to the PXE server for installations.
Operating System — The operating system identifier to install on this client. The list is populated from the network install instances created from the Network Installation Dialog.
Serial Console — This option allows use of a serial console.
Kickstart File — The location of a kickstart file to use, such as http://server.example.com/kickstart/ks.cfg. This file can be created with the Kickstart Configurator. Refer to 第 14 章 Kickstart Configurator for details.

Ignore the Snapshot name and Ethernet options. They are only used for diskless environments.

11.5.4. TFTPD

11.5.4.1. 启动 `tftp` 服务器

On the DHCP server, verify that the tftp-server package is installed with the command rpm -q tftp-server.

tftp 是基于 xinetd 的服务；用下面的命令启动它：

/sbin/chkconfig --level 345 xinetd on /sbin/chkconfig --level 345 tftp on

这些命令会立即启动 tftp 和 xinetd 服务，并设置在运行级别 3、4 和 5 下引导时启动。

11.5.5. 配置 DHCP 服务器

If a DHCP server does not already exist on the network, configure one. Refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide for details. Make sure the configuration file contains the following so that PXE booting is enabled for systems which support it:

allow booting; allow bootp; class "pxeclients" { match if substring(option vendor-class-identifier, 0, 9) = "PXEClient"; next-server <server-ip>; filename "linux-install/pxelinux.0"; }

这里的 next-server <server-ip> 应该用 tftp 服务器的 IP 地址来替换。

11.5.6. Adding a Custom Boot Message

Optionally, modify /tftpboot/linux-install/msgs/boot.msg to use a custom boot message.

11.5.7. Performing the PXE Installation

For instructions on how to configure the network interface card with PXE support to boot from the network, consult the documentation for the NIC. It varies slightly per card.

After the system boots the installation program, refer to the 第 7 章 Installing on Intel and AMD Systems.

第 12 章 Installing Through VNC

12.1. VNC Viewer

12.2. VNC Modes in Anaconda

12.2.1. Direct Mode
12.2.2. Connect Mode

12.3. Installation Using VNC

12.3.1. Installation Example
12.3.2. Kickstart Considerations
12.3.3. 关于防火墙

12.4. References

The Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora installer (anaconda) offers you two interactive modes of operation. The original mode is a text-based interface. The newer mode uses GTK+ and runs in the X Window environment. This chapter explains how you can use the graphical installation mode in environments where the system lacks a proper display and input devices typically associated with a workstation. This scenario is typical of systems in datacenters, which are often installed in a rack environment and do not have a display, keyboard, or mouse. Additionally, a lot of these systems even lack the ability to connect a graphical display. Given that enterprise hardware rarely needs that ability at the physical system, this hardware configuration is acceptable.

Even in these environments, however, the graphical installer remains the recommended method of installation. The text mode environment lacks a lot of capabilities found in the graphical mode. Many users still feel that the text mode interface provides them with additional power or configuration ability not found in the graphical version. The opposite is true. Much less development effort is put in to the text-mode environment and specific things (for example, LVM configuration, partition layout, package selection, and bootloader configuration) are deliberately left out of the text mode environment. The reasons for this are:

Less screen real estate for creating user interfaces similar to those found in the graphical mode.
Difficult internationalization support.
Desire to maintain a single interactive installation code path.

Anaconda therefore includes a Virtual Network Computing (VNC) mode that allows the graphical mode of the installer to run locally, but display on a system connected to the network. Installing in VNC mode provides you with the full range of installation options, even in situations where the system lacks a display or input devices.

12.1. VNC Viewer

Performing a VNC installation requires a VNC viewer running on your workstation or other terminal computer. Locations where you might want a VNC viewer installed:

Your workstation
Laptop on a datacenter crash cart

VNC is open source software licensed under the GNU General Public License. Versions exist for Linux, Windows, and MacOS X. Here are some recommended VNC viewers:

vncviewer is available on Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora Linux by installing the vnc package:
```
# yum install vnc
```
TightVNC is available for Windows at http://www.tightvnc.com/
MacOS X includes built-in VNC support as of version 10.5. In the Finder, click the Go menu and choose Connect to Server. In the server address field, you can type vnc://SERVER:DISPLAY, where SERVER is the IP address or DNS host name of the VNC server you wish to connect to and DISPLAY is the VNC display number (usually 1), and click Connect.

Once you have verified you have a VNC viewer available, it's time to start the installation.

12.2. VNC Modes in Anaconda

Anaconda offers two modes for VNC installation. The mode you select will depend on the network configuration in your environment.

12.2.1. Direct Mode

Direct mode VNC in anaconda is when the client initiates a connection to the VNC server running in anaconda. Anaconda will tell you when to initiate this connection in the VNC viewer. Direct mode can be activated by either of the following commands:

Specify vnc as a boot argument.
Specify the vnc command in the kickstart file used for installation.

When you activate VNC mode, anaconda will complete the first stage of the installer and then start VNC to run the graphical installer. The installer will display a message on the console in the following format:

Running anaconda VERSION, the PRODUCT system installer - please wait...

Anaconda will also tell you the IP address and display number to use in your VNC viewer. At this point, you need to start the VNC viewer and connect to the target system to continue the installation. The VNC viewer will present anaconda to you in graphical mode.

There are some disadvantages to direct mode, including:

Requires visual access to the system console to see the IP address and port to connect the VNC viewer to.
Requires interactive access to the system console to complete the first stage of the installer.

If either of these disadvantages would prevent you from using direct mode VNC in anaconda, then connect mode is probably more suited to your environment.

12.2.2. Connect Mode

Certain firewall configurations or instances where the target system is configured to obtain a dynamic IP address may cause trouble with the direct VNC mode in anaconda. In addition, if you lack a console on the target system to see the message that tells you the IP address to connect to, then you will not be able to continue the installation.

The VNC connect mode changes how VNC is started. Rather than anaconda starting up and waiting for you to connect, the VNC connect mode allows anaconda to automatically connect to your view. You won't need to know the IP address of the target system in this case.

To activate the VNC connect mode, pass the vncconnect boot parameter:

boot: linux vncconnect=HOST

Replace HOST with your VNC viewer's IP address or DNS host name. Before starting the installation process on the target system, start up your VNC viewer and have it wait for an incoming connection.

Start the installation and when your VNC viewer displays the graphical installer, you are ready to go.

12.3. Installation Using VNC

Now that you have installed a VNC viewer application and selected a VNC mode for use in anaconda, you are ready to begin the installation.

12.3.1. Installation Example

The easiest way to perform an installation using VNC is to connect another computer directly to the network port on the target system. The laptop on a datacenter crash cart usually fills this role. If you are performing your installation this way, make sure you follow these steps:

Connect the laptop or other workstation to the target system using a crossover cable. If you are using regular patch cables, make sure you connect the two systems using a small hub or switch. Most recent Ethernet interfaces will automatically detect if they need to be crossover or not, so it may be possible to connect the two systems directly using a regular patch cable.
Configure the VNC viewer system to use a RFC 1918 address with no gateway. This private network connection will only be used for the purpose of installation. Configure the VNC viewer system to be 192.168.100.1/24. If that address is in use, just pick something else in the RFC 1918 address space that is available to you.
Start the installation on the target system.
1. Booting the installation DVD or CD.
  If booting the installation media (CD or DVD), make sure vnc is passed as a boot parameter. To add the vnc parameter, you will need a console attached to the target system that allows you to interact with the boot process. Enter the following at the prompt:
```
boot: linux vnc
```
2. Boot over the network.
  If the target system is configured with a static IP address, add the vnc command to the kickstart file. If the target system is using DHCP, add vncconnect=HOST to the boot arguments for the target system. HOST is the IP address or DNS host name of the VNC viewer system. Enter the following at the prompt:
```
boot: linux vncconnect=HOST
```
When prompted for the network configuration on the target system, assign it an available RFC 1918 address in the same network you used for the VNC viewer system. For example, 192.168.100.2/24.
Note
This IP address is only used during installation. You will have an opportunity to configure the final network settings, if any, later in the installer.
Once the installer indicates it is starting anaconda, you will be instructed to connect to the system using the VNC viewer. Connect to the viewer and follow the graphical installation mode instructions found in the product documentation.

12.3.2. Kickstart Considerations

If your target system will be booting over the network, VNC is still available. Just add the vnc command to the kickstart file for the system. You will be able to connect to the target system using your VNC viewer and monitor the installation progress. The address to use is the one the system is configured with via the kickstart file.

If you are using DHCP for the target system, the reverse vncconnect method may work better for you. Rather than adding the vnc boot parameter to the kickstart file, add the vncconnect=HOST parameter to the list of boot arguments for the target system. For HOST, put the IP address or DNS host name of the VNC viewer system. See the next section for more details on using the vncconnect mode.

12.3.3. 关于防火墙

If you are performing the installation where the VNC viewer system is a workstation on a different subnet from the target system, you may run in to network routing problems. VNC works fine so long as your viewer system has a route to the target system and ports 5900 and 5901 are open. If your environment has a firewall, make sure ports 5900 and 5901 are open between your workstation and the target system.

In addition to passing the vnc boot parameter, you may also want to pass the vncpassword parameter in these scenarios. While the password is sent in plain text over the network, it does provide an extra step before a viewer can connect to a system. Once the viewer connects to the target system over VNC, no other connections are permitted. These limitations are usually sufficient for installation purposes.

Important

Be sure to use a temporary password for the vncpassword option. It should not be a password you use on any systems, especially a real root password.

If you continue to have trouble, consider using the vncconnect parameter. In this mode of operation, you start the viewer on your system first telling it to listen for an incoming connection. Pass vncconnect=HOST at the boot prompt and the installer will attempt to connect to the specified HOST (either a hostname or IP address).

12.4. References

VNC description at Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vnc
TightVNC: http://www.tightvnc.com/
RFC 1918 - Address Allocation for Private Networks: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1918.txt
Anaconda boot options: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda/Options
Kickstart documentation: http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda/Kickstart

第 13 章 kickstart 安装

13.1. kickstart 安装是什么？

13.2. 如何执行 kickstart 安装

13.3. 创建 kickstart 文件

13.4. kickstart 选项

13.4.1. 高级的分区示例

13.5. Package Selection

13.6. 预安装脚本

13.6.1. 范例

13.7. 安装后脚本

13.7.1. 范例

13.8. 如何使 kickstart 文件可被利用

13.8.1. 创建 kickstart 引导介质
13.8.2. 在网络上提供 Kickstart 文件

13.9. 提供安装树

13.10. 开始 kickstart 安装

13.1. kickstart 安装是什么？

Many system administrators would prefer to use an automated installation method to install Fedora on their machines. To answer this need, Red Hat created the kickstart installation method. Using kickstart, a system administrator can create a single file containing the answers to all the questions that would normally be asked during a typical installation.

Kickstart files can be kept on a single server system and read by individual computers during the installation. This installation method can support the use of a single kickstart file to install Fedora on multiple machines, making it ideal for network and system administrators.

Kickstart provides a way for users to automate a Fedora installation.

13.2. 如何执行 kickstart 安装

kickstart 安装可以使用本地光盘、本地硬盘驱动器、或通过 NFS、FTP、HTTP 来执行。

要使用 kickstart ，你必须：

创建一个 kickstart 文件。
创建有 kickstart 文件的引导介质或者使这个文件在网络上可用。
筹备安装树。
开始 kickstart 安装。

本章详细解释了这些步骤。

13.3. 创建 kickstart 文件

The kickstart file is a simple text file, containing a list of items, each identified by a keyword. You can create it by using the Kickstart Configurator application, or writing it from scratch. The Fedora installation program also creates a sample kickstart file based on the options that you selected during installation. It is written to the file /root/anaconda-ks.cfg. You should be able to edit it with any text editor or word processor that can save files as ASCII text.

首先，在你创建 kickstart 文件时留意下列问题：

每节必须按顺序指定。除非特别申明，每节内的项目则不必按序排列。小节的顺序为：
- 命令部分 — 参考第 13.4 节 “kickstart 选项” 里的 kickstart 选项列表。你应该包括必需的选项。
- %packages 部分 — 详情请参考第 13.5 节 “Package Selection”。
- %pre 和 %post 部分 — 这两个部分可以按任何顺序排列而且不是必需的。详情请参考第 13.6 节 “预安装脚本” 和第 13.7 节 “安装后脚本”。
不必需的项目可以被省略。
如果忽略任何必需的项目，安装程序会提示用户输入相关的项目的选择，就象用户在典型的安装过程中所遇到的一样。一旦用户进行了选择，安装会以非交互的方式（unattended）继续（除非找到另外一个没有指定的项目）。
以井号（“#”）开头的行被当作注释行并被忽略。
对于 kickstart 升级，下列项目是必需的：
- 语言
- 安装方法
- 设备规格（如果这个设备是在安装过程中所需要的）
- 键盘设置
- upgrade 关键字
- 引导装载程序配置
如果任何其他的项目被指定为 upgrade，这些项目将被忽略（注意这包括了软件包选择）。

13.4. kickstart 选项

下面的选项可以放入 kickstart 文件。如果你喜欢使用图形化的界面来创建 kickstart 文件，你可以使用「Kickstart 配置」应用程序。详情请参考第 14 章 Kickstart Configurator。

Note

如果某选项后面跟随了一个等号（=），它后面就必须指定一个值。在示例命令中，括号（[]）中的选项是命令的可选参数。

autopart（可选）

自动创建分区 — 大于 1GB 的根分区（/）、交换分区和适合于不同体系结构的引导分区。一个或多个缺省分区的大小可以用 part 指令重新定义。

--encrypted — Should all devices with support be encrypted by default? This is equivalent to checking the Encrypt checkbox on the initial partitioning screen.
--passphrase= — Provide a default system-wide passphrase for all encrypted devices.

ignoredisk（可选）

导致安装程序忽略指定的磁盘。如果你使用自动分区并希望忽略某些磁盘的话，这就很有用。例如，没有 ignoredisk，如要试图在 SAN-cluster 系统里部署，kickstart 就会失败，因为安装程序检测到 SAN 不返回分区表的被动路径（passive path）。

如果你有磁盘的多个路径时，ignoredisk 选项也有用处。

语法是：

ignoredisk --drives=drive1,drive2,...

这里 driveN 是 sda、sdb ... hda 等等中的一个。

autostep（可选）

和 interactive 相似，除了它进入下一屏幕。它通常用于调试。

--autoscreenshot — Take a screenshot at every step during installation and copy the images over to /root/anaconda-screenshots after installation is complete. This is most useful for documentation.

auth 或 authconfig（必需）

为系统设置验证选项。这和在安装后运行的 authconfig 命令相似。在缺省情况下，密码通常被加密但不使用影子文件（shadowed）。

--enablemd5 — Use md5 encryption for user passwords.
--enablenis — Turns on NIS support. By default, --enablenis uses whatever domain it finds on the network. A domain should almost always be set by hand with the --nisdomain= option.
--nisdomain= — NIS domain name to use for NIS services.
--nisserver= — Server to use for NIS services (broadcasts by default).
--useshadow or --enableshadow — Use shadow passwords.
--enableldap — Turns on LDAP support in /etc/nsswitch.conf, allowing your system to retrieve information about users (UIDs, home directories, shells, etc.) from an LDAP directory. To use this option, you must install the nss_ldap package. You must also specify a server and a base DN (distinguished name) with --ldapserver= and --ldapbasedn=.
--enableldapauth — Use LDAP as an authentication method. This enables the pam_ldap module for authentication and changing passwords, using an LDAP directory. To use this option, you must have the nss_ldap package installed. You must also specify a server and a base DN with --ldapserver= and --ldapbasedn=.
--ldapserver= — If you specified either --enableldap or --enableldapauth, use this option to specify the name of the LDAP server to use. This option is set in the /etc/ldap.conf file.
--ldapbasedn= — If you specified either --enableldap or --enableldapauth, use this option to specify the DN in your LDAP directory tree under which user information is stored. This option is set in the /etc/ldap.conf file.
--enableldaptls — Use TLS (Transport Layer Security) lookups. This option allows LDAP to send encrypted usernames and passwords to an LDAP server before authentication.
--enablekrb5 — Use Kerberos 5 for authenticating users. Kerberos itself does not know about home directories, UIDs, or shells. If you enable Kerberos, you must make users' accounts known to this workstation by enabling LDAP, NIS, or Hesiod or by using the /usr/sbin/useradd command. If you use this option, you must have the pam_krb5 package installed.
--krb5realm= — The Kerberos 5 realm to which your workstation belongs.
--krb5kdc= — The KDC (or KDCs) that serve requests for the realm. If you have multiple KDCs in your realm, separate their names with commas (,).
--krb5adminserver= — The KDC in your realm that is also running kadmind. This server handles password changing and other administrative requests. This server must be run on the master KDC if you have more than one KDC.
--enablehesiod — Enable Hesiod support for looking up user home directories, UIDs, and shells. More information on setting up and using Hesiod on your network is in /

安​装​指​南​

在​x86，AMD64及​Intel® 64 架​构​上​安​装​Fedora 11

Fedora 文​档​项​目​

法律通告

摘要

Preface

1. 文​档​约​定​

1.1. 排​版​约​定​

1.2. 抬​升​式​引​用​约​定​

1.3. 备​注​及​警​告​

备​注​

重​要​

警​告​

2. 我​们​需​要​您​的​反​馈​！

简​介​

1. 背​景​

1.1. 关​于 Fedora

1.2. 取​得​更​多​的​帮​助​

2. 关​于​这​份​文​档​

2.1. 目​标​

其​他​文​档​资​源​

2.2. 读​者​

第 1 章 进​阶​者​指​南​

只​适​用​于​进​阶​者​

1.1. 概​观​

1.2. 下​载​文​件​

确​认​您​的​下​载​

1.3. 安​装​前​准​备​

重​新​定​义​分​区​大​小​

1.4. 安​装 Fedora

1.5. 安​装​后​设​置​

第 2 章 初​学​者​

下​载​链​接​

2.1. 如​何​下​载 Fedora？

下​载​媒​体​

2.1.1. 从​映​像​点​站​

2.1.2. 从 BitTorrent

小​容​量​开​机​映​像​

2.2. 我​的​电​脑​属​于​哪​一​种​架​构​？

表 2.1. Processor and architecture types

i386 架​构​能​运​行​在​大​部​分 Windows 相​容​的​电​脑​上​

Intel Atom Processor Architectures Vary

2.3. 我​需​要​下​载​哪​个​文​件​？

DVD 上​的​完​整​套​件​

实​时​映​像​

小​容​量​启​动​媒​体​

下​载​的​容​量​

表 2.2. Locating files

2.4. 如​何​制​作 Fedora 媒​体​

2.4.1. 制​作 CD 和 DVD 光​盘​

2.4.2. 制​作 USB 介​质​

USB 映​像​写​入​是​无​害​的​

2.4.2.1. USB Image Creation from Windows

2.4.2.2. USB Image Creation in Linux

ext4 and Btrfs

非​常​规 USB 介​质​

2.5. 为​什​么​我​不​能​下​载 Fedora？

2.6. 我​如​何​才​能​启​动​安​装​程​序​？

配​置 BIOS

部分 I. Before you begin

第 3 章 安​装​前​的​准​备​工​作​

3.1. 选​择​升​级​还​是​安​装​？

3.2. 您​的​硬​件​兼​容​吗​？

3.3. 你​有​足​够​的​磁​盘​空​间​吗​？

3.4. 您​可​以​使​用​光​盘​安​装​吗​？

3.4.1. 其​它​引​导​方​法​

3.4.2. 制​作​安​装​引​导​光​盘​

Choose an option to burn a CD from an image

3.5. 筹​备​网​络​安​装​

Note

Note

Note

3.5.1. 筹​备 FTP 和 HTTP 安​装​

3.5.2. 筹​备 NFS 安​装​

3.6. 筹​备​硬​盘​驱​动​器​安​装​

Note

第 4 章 System Specifications List

第 5 章 用​于 Intel® 或 AMD 系​统​的​驱​动​介​质​

5.1. 为​什​么​需​要​驱​动​程​序​盘​

5.2. 驱​动​程​序​介​质​到​底​是​什​么​？

安装指南

在x86，AMD64及Intel® 64 架构上安装Fedora 11

Fedora 文档项目

1. 文档约定

1.1. 排版约定

1.2. 抬升式引用约定

1.3. 备注及警告

备注

重要

警告

2. 我们需要您的反馈！

简介

1. 背景

1.1. 关于 Fedora

1.2. 取得更多的帮助

2. 关于这份文档

2.1. 目标

其他文档资源

2.2. 读者

第 1 章进阶者指南

只适用于进阶者

1.1. 概观

1.2. 下载文件

确认您的下载

1.3. 安装前准备

重新定义分区大小

1.4. 安装 Fedora

1.5. 安装后设置

第 2 章初学者

下载链接

2.1. 如何下载 Fedora？

下载媒体

2.1.1. 从映像点站

小容量开机映像

2.2. 我的电脑属于哪一种架构？

i386 架构能运行在大部分 Windows 相容的电脑上

2.3. 我需要下载哪个文件？

DVD 上的完整套件

实时映像

小容量启动媒体

下载的容量

2.4. 如何制作 Fedora 媒体

2.4.1. 制作 CD 和 DVD 光盘

2.4.2. 制作 USB 介质

USB 映像写入是无害的

非常规 USB 介质

2.5. 为什么我不能下载 Fedora？

2.6. 我如何才能启动安装程序？

配置 BIOS

第 3 章安装前的准备工作

3.1. 选择升级还是安装？

3.2. 您的硬件兼容吗？

3.3. 你有足够的磁盘空间吗？

3.4. 您可以使用光盘安装吗？

3.4.1. 其它引导方法

3.4.2. 制作安装引导光盘

3.5. 筹备网络安装

3.5.1. 筹备 FTP 和 HTTP 安装

3.5.2. 筹备 NFS 安装

3.6. 筹备硬盘驱动器安装

第 5 章用于 Intel® 或 AMD 系统的驱动介质

5.1. 为什么需要驱动程序盘

5.2. 驱动程序介质到底是什么？

5.3. 如何获取驱动程序介质

5.3.1. 根据映像文件创建驱动程序盘

5.4. 在安装过程中使用驱动程序映像

第 6 章开始安装

取消安装

6.1. 启动选单

启动选项

启动

校验并启动

内存测试

从本地驱动盘启动

安装或升级已有的系统

以基本显卡驱动安装系统

救援已安装系统

从本地驱动盘启动

内存测试

6.2. 从另一个不同的源安装