Installazione con Anaconda

The Fedora installer uses the tmux terminal multiplexer to display and control several windows you can use in addition to the main interface. Each of these windows serves a different purpose - they display several different logs, which can be used to troubleshoot any issues during the installation, and one of the windows provides an interactive shell prompt with root privileges, unless this prompt was specifically disabled using a boot option or a Kickstart command.

The terminal multiplexer is running in virtual console 1. To switch from the actual installation environment to tmux, press Ctrl+Alt+F1. To go back to the main installation interface which runs in virtual console 6, press Ctrl+Alt+F6.

The console running tmux has 5 available windows; their contents are described in the table below, along with keyboard shortcuts used to access them. Note that the keyboard shortcuts are two-part: first press Ctrl+b, then release both keys, and press the number key for the window you want to use.

You can also use Ctrl+b n and Ctrl+b p to switch to the next or previous tmux window, respectively.

In addition to displaying diagnostic information in tmux windows, Anaconda also generates several log files, which can be transferred from the installation system. These log files are described in Log Files Generated During the Installation, and directions for transferring them from the installation system are available in Transferring Log Files from the Installation System.

You can press Shift+Print Screen at any time during the graphical installation to capture the current screen. These screenshots are saved to /tmp/anaconda-screenshots.

Additionally, you can use the autostep --autoscreenshot command in a Kickstart file to capture and save each step of the installation automatically. See autostep (optional) - Go Through Every Screen for details.

La prima schermata visualizzata immediatamente dopo l’avvio dell’installatore grafico è la schermata di benvenuto.

Per prima cosa, seleziona la tua lingua preferita nella colonna a sinistra, quindi seleziona la tua località nella colonna a destra. Puoi usare il campo di inserimento testo nell’angolo in basso a sinistra per cercare la tua lingua invece di cercarla nell’elenco completo di oltre 70 lingue.

The language you select on this screen will be used during the installation, and it will also be used on the installed system by default. You can change the language for the installed system later, but once you click Continue on this screen, you will not be able to go back and change the language used inside the installer itself.

One language is pre-selected by default on top of the list. If network access is configured at this point (for example, if you booted from a network server instead of local media), the pre-selected language will be determined based on automatic location detection using the GeoIP module. Alternatively, if you used the inst.lang= option on the boot command line or in your PXE server configuration, this language will be selected by default, but you will still be able to change it.

After you select your language and locale, click Continue to confirm your selection and proceed to Installation Summary.

La schermata Riepilogo Installazione è il punto centrale per configurare un’installazione. La maggior parte delle opzioni configurabili durante l’installazione è accessibile da qui.

Lo schermo di riepilogo consiste in diversi collegamenti ad altri schermi, suddivisi in categorie. Questi collegamenti possono trovarsi in diversi stati, che sono indicati graficamente:

A warning message is displayed at the bottom of the summary screen, and the Begin Installation button is greyed out, as long as at least one item has not been configured yet.

Each screen also has an explanatory text below its title, showing settings currently configured in that screen. This text may be concatenated; in that case, move your mouse cursor over it and wait until a tooltip with the full text appears.

Once you configure everything required for the installation, you can press the Begin Installation button to start installing Fedora. This will take you to Configuration and Installation Progress. Note that as the text below this button says, nothing will be written to your hard drive before you press this button. You can press Quit at any point; this will discard all changes you made in the installer so far and reboot the system.

La schermata Data e Ora consente di configurare le impostazioni relative a data e ora per il tuo sistema. Questa schermata viene configurata automaticamente in base alle impostazioni selezionate nella Schermata di Benvenuto e Selezione della Lingua, ma puoi modificare le impostazioni di data, ora e posizione prima di iniziare l’installazione.

Per prima cosa, seleziona la tua Regione usando il menu a tendina nell’angolo in alto a sinistra dello schermo. Poi, seleziona la tua Città, o la città più vicina alla tua posizione nello stesso fuso orario. Selezionare una posizione specifica aiuta Fedora a garantire che l’orario sia sempre impostato correttamente, includendo eventuali cambiamenti automatici per l’ora legale, se applicabile.

Puoi anche selezionare un fuso orario relativo al Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) senza impostare la tua posizione su una regione specifica. Per farlo, seleziona Etc come tua regione.

The switch labeled Network Time in the top right corner of the screen can be used to enable or disable network time synchronization using the Network Time Protocol (NTP). Enabling this option will keep your system time correct as long as the system can access the internet. By default, four NTP pools are configured; you can add others and disable or remove the default ones by clicking the gear wheel button next to the switch.

If you disable network time synchronization, the controls at the bottom of the screen will become active, and you will be able to set the current time and date manually.

After configuring your time and date settings, press the Done button in the top left corner to return to Installation Summary.

Lo schermo Layout della Tastiera ti permette di configurare uno o più layout di tastiera per il tuo sistema e un modo per passare da uno all’altro. Un layout di tastiera è configurato automaticamente in base alla tua selezione nella Schermata di Benvenuto e Selezione della Lingua, ma puoi modificare questo layout e aggiungerne altri prima di iniziare l’installazione.

Keyboard layouts are a separate setting from system languages, and these two settings can be mixed as you see fit.

The left half of the screen contains a window listing all currently configured layouts. The order in which the layouts are displayed is important - the same order will be used when switching between layouts, and the first listed layout will be the default on your system.

The text field on the right side of the screen can be used to test the currently selected layout.

You can click a layout in the list to highlight it. At the bottom of the list, there is a set of buttons:

You can also optionally configure a keyboard switch which can be used to cycle between available layouts. To do so, click the Options button on the right side of the screen. The Layout Switching Options dialog will open, allowing you to configure one or more keys or key combinations for switching. Select one or more key combinations using the check boxes next to them, and click OK to confirm your selection.

Dopo aver terminato la configurazione dei layout e degli switch della tastiera, fai clic su Fatto nell’angolo in alto a sinistra per tornare a Riepilogo dell’Installazione.

Lo schermo Supporto Lingue ti consente di configurare le impostazioni linguistiche per il tuo sistema. La lingua predefinita è determinata dalla tua selezione in Schermata di Benvenuto e Selezione Lingua e il supporto per questa lingua non può essere rimosso. Puoi solo aggiungere lingue aggiuntive, che saranno disponibili sul sistema installato - non durante l’installazione.

Se si desidera modificare la lingua predefinita o la lingua utilizzata durante l’installazione, è necessario riavviare il sistema, avviare nuovamente il programma di installazione e selezionare una lingua diversa in Schermata di benvenuto e selezione della lingua.

Il pannello di sinistra contiene un elenco dei gruppi linguistici disponibili, come "Inglese" o "Bulgaro". Se è selezionata almeno una lingua da un gruppo, verrà visualizzato un segno di spunta accanto al gruppo e la voce dell’elenco verrà evidenziata. Questo consente di visualizzare facilmente le lingue per cui è stato configurato il supporto.

Per aggiungere il supporto per una o più lingue aggiuntive, fai clic su un gruppo nel pannello di sinistra, quindi seleziona una o più varianti regionali nel pannello di destra utilizzando le caselle di controllo accanto alle voci dell’elenco. Ripeti questa procedura per tutte le lingue per cui desideri installare il supporto.

Una volta effettuate le selezioni, fare clic su Fine nell’angolo in alto a sinistra per tornare a Riepilogo dell’installazione.

La schermata Sorgente di Installazione consente di specificare una posizione (locale o di rete) da cui scaricare e installare i pacchetti sul sistema. Questa schermata sarà configurata automaticamente nella maggior parte dei casi, ma puoi modificare le impostazioni o aggiungere fonti aggiuntive.

Le seguenti opzioni sono disponibili. Nota che non tutte potrebbero essere visualizzate.

You can also specify additional repositories in the Additional repositories section to gain access to more installation environments and software add-ons. All environments and add-ons will be available for selection in Software Selection once you finish configuring the sources.

To add a repository, click the + button. To delete a repository, select one in the list and click the - button. Click the arrow icon to revert to the previous list of repositories, i.e. to replace current entries with those that were present at the time you entered the Installation Source screen. To activate or deactivate a repository, click the check box in the Enabled column at each entry in the list.

You can name your additional repository and configure it the same way as the primary repository on the network using the input fields on the right side of the section.

Once you have selected your installation source, click Done in the top left corner to return to Installation Summary.

La schermata Selezione software ti permette di scegliere un Ambiente base e degli Componenti aggiuntivi. Queste opzioni determinano quali pacchetti software verranno installati sul sistema durante il processo di installazione.

This screen is only available if Installation Source is properly configured and only after the installer has downloaded package metadata from the source.

The availability of environments and add-ons depends on your installation source. By default, the selection depends on the installation media you used to start the installation; Fedora Server installation image will have different environments and add-ons available for selection than, for example, the Fedora Cloud image. You can change this by configuring a different installation source containing different environments.

To configure your software selection, first choose an environment on the left side of the screen. Only one environment can be chosen, even if more are available. Then, on the right side of the screen, select one or more add-ons which you want to install by marking the check boxes next to each add-on.

The list of add-ons is divided into two parts by a horizontal line. Add-ons above this line are defined as part of your chosen environment; if you select a different environment, the add-ons available here will change. The add-ons displayed below the separator are not specific to your chosen environment.

Environments and add-ons are defined using a comps.xml file in your installation source (for example, in the repodata/ directory on the full Fedora Server installation DVD). Review this file to see exactly which packages will be installed as part of a certain environment or add-on. For more information about the comps.xml file, see %packages (required) - Package Selection.

After you finish configuring your software selection, click Done in the top left corner to return to Installation Summary.

La schermata Destinazione di Installazione consente di configurare le opzioni di archiviazione, ovvero quali dischi verranno utilizzati come destinazione per l’installazione del tuo Fedora. Deve essere selezionato almeno un disco affinché l’installazione possa procedere.

For information about the theory and concepts behind disk partitioning in Linux, see Recommended Partitioning Scheme.

In the top part of the screen, all locally available storage devices (SATA, IDE and SCSI hard drives, USB flash drives, etc.) are displayed in the Local Standard Disks section. Local disks are detected when the installer starts - any storage devices connected after the installation has started will not be shown.

If you need to configure additional local storage devices, select I will configure partitioning and press Done to move to Manual Partitioning. Then, connect any new hard drives you want to make available during the installation, and press the button marked by a circular arrow in the set of controls below the list of mount points on the left side of the screen. In the dialog window that opens, press Rescan Disks and wait until the scanning process completes. Then, press OK to return to Installation Destination; all detected disks including any new ones will be displayed in the Local Standard Disks section.

The Specialized & Network Disks section below shows advanced network storage (such as iSCSI and FCoE disks) currently configured. When you first open this screen, no such devices will be displayed because they can not be automatically detected; to search for network storage devices, press Add a disk button and proceed with Installation Destination - Specialized & Network Disks. Any network storage you configure will then show up in the Specialized & Network Disks the same way local disks are shown above.

All storage devices which will be used to install Fedora have a black circle icon with a white check mark on them. Disks not marked by this icon will not be used during the installation - they will be ignored if you choose automatic partitioning, and they will not be available in manual partitioning.

After you select all disks you want to install Fedora, select one of the two options in the Other Storage Options section:

Additionally, you can select Encrypt my data; this will encrypt all partitions except the ones needed to boot the system (such as /boot) using Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS). Encrypting your hard drive is recommended. For detailed information about LUKS encryption, see the Fedora Security Guide, available at https://docs.fedoraproject.org/.

To control which one of your selected storage devices will contain the boot loader, click the Full disk summary and bootloader link in the bottom left corner of the screen, and follow the instructions in Boot Loader Installation. Note that while in most cases it is sufficient to leave the boot loader in the default location, some configurations (for example, systems which require chain loading from another boot loader) will require the boot drive to be specified manually.

After you select storage devices, choose between automatic and manual partitioning, configure encryption and boot loader location, press Done in the top left corner of the screen. Then, depending on your settings, the following will happen:

Questa parte della schermata Destinazione di Installazione consente di configurare dispositivi di archiviazione non locali, ovvero storage iSCSI e FCoE. Questa sezione sarà principalmente utile per utenti avanzati che necessitano di dischi di rete. Per le istruzioni su come configurare i dischi rigidi locali, vedere Destinazione di Installazione.

The screen contains a list of all currently available (discovered) network storage devices. When the screen is opened for the first time, the list will be empty in most cases because no network storage has been discovered - the installer makes no attempt at discovering this unless you configure network disks using a Kickstart file.

To add one or more storage devices to the screen so you can search them and use them in the installation, click Add iSCSI Target or Add FCoE SAN in the bottom right corner of the screen, and follow the instructions in Add iSCSI Target or Add FCoE SAN, depending on which type of network storage you want to add.

Network storage devices successfully discovered and configured by the installer will then be displayed in the main list, along with identifying information such as Name, WWID, Model and Target. To sort the list by a specific column (for example WWID), click the column’s heading.

There are three tabs on the top of the list, which display different information:

Depending on the tab you are currently in, you can filter the discovered devices by using the Filter By field. Some of the filtering options are automatically populated based on discovered devices (for example, if you select Filter By: Vendor, another drop-down menu will appear showing all vendors of all discovered devices). Other filters require your input (for example when filtering by WWID), and present you with a text input field instead of a drop-down menu.

In the list (regardless of how it is filtered), each device is presented on a separate row, with a check box to its left. Mark the check box to make the device available during the installation process; this will cause this device (node) to be shown in the Specialized & Network Disks section in Installation Destination. There, you can select the disk as an installation target and proceed with either manual or automatic partitioning.

When you have selected the storage devices to make available during installation, click Done to return to Installation Destination.

Lo schermo Partizionamento Manuale ti consente di creare manualmente una configurazione di archiviazione per il tuo sistema Fedora, offrendoti un maggiore controllo sull’archiviazione del sistema.

In most other installers for both Linux and other operating systems, disk partitioning usually takes a "bottom-up" approach. In these installers, you first create underlying devices such as LVM physical volumes, then you create a layout such as LVM on top of them, then you create file systems on top of logical volumes, and the last step is usually assigning a mount point to each volume as needed.

Anaconda uses an opposite approach. First, you create all separate mount points you need, and everything needed to create them (creating a volume group, logical volumes inside it, and physical volumes where the volume group will reside) is performed automatically. You can then adjust the automatic settings as you require.

When you first open the Manual Partitioning screen, the column on the left side will display all previously existing partitions on all drives which you selected as installation targers in Installation Destination. If none of the selected drives contain any existing partitions, then a message informing you that no mount points currently exist will appear.

Here, you can choose a partitioning scheme such as LVM or BTRFS and click the Click here to create them automatically to prompt the installer to create a basic partitioning layout; this layout follows the guidelines described in Recommended Partitioning Scheme. The created layout is a basic layout where partition/volume sizes are determined automatically based on the total amount of available space.

Click the + button to add a mount point. In the dialog window that opens, choose a mount point such as / or /home, and the desired capacity for the mount point (such as 10GB or 500MB). Note that specifying the mount point is mandatory, but you do not have to specify the capacity at this point; this is useful when adding a mount point which you want to make larger than the current available space permits. Then, click Add mount point to add it to the list using the default settings, which means it will be created as a logical volume, and a new volume group will be created for it unless one already exists.

Then, select the newly created mount point in the list on the left side. A set of controls will display on the right side of the screen, allowing you to change its mount point, the device on which it will physically reside, its capacity, file system, etc. When you change any settings, press Update Settings on the bottom right. This will save the adjusted configuration; you can now create another mount point, or select a different existing one and adjust its settings as well.

To remove a mount point, select it in the list and press the - button below.

The exact steps for configuring your storage depend on your specific needs and your system configuration. Procedures for creating specific layouts are described further in this chapter. Before you start, you should also review Recommended Partitioning Scheme and Advice on Partitions for a list of requirements and tips for partitioning your disks for Fedora.

Below the list of existing mount points are two fields, showing you how much free space is left on your storage devices and how much total space they have.

Fai clic su X dispositivi di archiviazione selezionati per visualizzare un riepilogo dei dispositivi di archiviazione attualmente selezionati; questo può aiutarti ad orientarti in schemi di archiviazione più complessi. I dispositivi visualizzati qui sono quelli che hai selezionato in Destinazione di Installazione. Se desideri aggiungere o rimuovere dispositivi di archiviazione dalla tua configurazione, torna a quella schermata e modifica la tua selezione.

Puoi premere il pulsante Reimposta Tutto in basso a destra in qualsiasi momento per riportare la configurazione di archiviazione allo stato in cui si trovava l’ultima volta che hai aperto la schermata Partizionamento Manuale. Questo significa che se modifichi la configurazione di archiviazione, esci dalla schermata e poi torni, il pulsante Reimposta riporterà la configurazione allo stato già modificato, scartando solo le modifiche recenti, non tutte le modifiche effettuate dall’avvio dell’installer.

To discard all changes, and to also detect any new drives which have not been detected when the installer started (usually when you attached a new drive after you started), press the button marked by a circular arrow in the set of controls below the list of mount points on the left side of the screen. In the dialog window that opens, press Rescan Disks and wait until the scanning process completes. Then, press OK to return to Installation Destination; all detected disks including any new ones will be displayed in the Local Standard Disks section.

After you finish configuring your system storage, press Done in the top left corner to save the configuration and return to the Installation Summary screen. At this point, the installer will check if your storage configuration is valid. If an error was detected, a message will be displayed at the bottom of the screen. Click the message to open a dialog window explaining what kind of error has been detected (for example, you put /boot on a Btrfs subvolume, or you did not create a BIOS Boot partition when your system requires one).

If such a message is displayed, go back and fix any issues found by the installer; otherwise you will not be able to proceed with the installation. You can also press Done again to return to the Installation Summary anyway, but a storage configuration error will prevent you from starting the actual installation process.

If no error message is displayed and if you made any changes since the last time you have visited this screen, a summary dialog will appear, displaying a detailed list of the changes you made. Review the list and click Accept Changes to proceed with Installation Summary, or click Cancel & Return to Custom Partitioning if you want to make any more changes.

Use this screen to select whether or not Kdump will be activated on the installed system, and how much memory will be reserved for it if enabled.

L’applicazione Kdump è un meccanismo di dump del crash del kernel che, in caso di crash del sistema, cattura il contenuto della memoria del sistema al momento del guasto. Questa memoria catturata può essere analizzata per trovare la causa del crash. Se Kdump è abilitato, deve avere una piccola parte della memoria del sistema (RAM) riservata a sé stesso. Questa memoria riservata non sarà accessibile al kernel principale.

To enable Kdump on the installed system, check Enabled. Then, select either Automatic or Manual memory reservation settings, and if you selected Manual, enter the amount of memory to be reserved in megabytes into the Memory to be reserved field.

The amount of memory which you should reserve is determined based on your system’s architecture (AMD64 and Intel 64 will have different requirements than IBM Power, for example) as well as the total amount of system memory. In most cases, automatic reservation will be satisfactory. If you insist on manual settings, see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Kernel Crash Dump Guide for guidelines. This document also contains more in-depth information about how Kdump works, how to configure additional settings, and how to analyze a saved crash dump.

The Usable System Memory readout below the reservation input field shows how much memory will be accessible to your main system once your selected amount of RAM is reserved.

After configuring Kdump settings, click Done in the top left corner to return to Installation Summary.

La schermata Rete e Nome host viene utilizzata per configurare le interfacce di rete. Le opzioni selezionate qui saranno disponibili sia durante l’installazione (se necessarie per attività come il download di pacchetti da una posizione remota) sia nel sistema installato.

Le interfacce accessibili localmente vengono rilevate automaticamente dal programma di installazione e non possono essere aggiunte o eliminate manualmente. Tutte le interfacce rilevate sono elencate sul lato sinistro dello schermo. Fai clic su un’interfaccia nell’elenco per visualizzare la sua configurazione attuale (come indirizzo IP e DNS); i dettagli vengono visualizzati sul lato destro dello schermo.

Below the list of interfaces are two buttons. Use the + button to add a virtual network interface (Team, Bond or VLAN) as described in Adding a Virtual Network Interface. To remove a previously created virtual interface, select it in the list and click the - button.

To change settings such as IP addresses, DNS servers, or routing configuration for an existing interface (both virtual and physical), select the interface in the left pane and click Configure in the bottom right corner of the screen. Available settings are described in Editing Network Interface Configuration.

Utilizzare l’interruttore ON/OFF nell’angolo in alto a destra per abilitare o disabilitare l’interfaccia attualmente selezionata.

Sotto l’elenco delle connessioni, inserisci un nome host per questo computer nel campo di input Nome host. Il nome host può essere un nome di dominio completo (FQDN) nel formato nomehost.nomedominio, oppure un nome host breve senza nome di dominio. Molte reti dispongono di un servizio Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) che fornisce automaticamente un nome di dominio ai sistemi connessi; per consentire al servizio DHCP di assegnare il nome di dominio a questa macchina, specifica solo il nome host breve.

Lo schermo Configurazione viene visualizzato dopo aver completato la configurazione di tutti gli elementi richiesti nella Somma Riazzuntiva dell’Installazione e aver premuto il pulsante Inizia installazione. Da questo momento, il processo di installazione inizia effettivamente e vengono apportate modifiche ai dischi selezionati. Non è possibile tornare alla Somma Riazzuntiva dell’Installazione e modificare le impostazioni configurate lì; se hai bisogno di farlo, devi attendere il completamento del processo di installazione, riavviare il sistema, accedere e cambiare le impostazioni sul sistema installato.

Nella parte superiore dello schermo sono disponibili due opzioni aggiuntive che ti permettono di configurare le impostazioni di autenticazione: la password root e un account utente aggiuntivo. È necessario configurare la password root per completare l’installazione; la creazione di un account utente può essere saltata. Se lo fai, ti verrà chiesto di creare un account utente non root al termine dell’installazione e dopo il riavvio del sistema.

La parte inferiore dello schermo mostra una barra di progresso e un messaggio che informa sullo stato attuale dell’installazione. Quando l’installazione è completata e la password di root è stata impostata, puoi premere il pulsante Termina configurazione per riavviare il computer e accedere al tuo nuovo sistema Fedora installato.

La schermata Password di root viene utilizzata per configurare la password root del sistema. Questa password servirà per accedere all’account amministratore (noto anche come superutente), utilizzato per le attività di amministrazione del sistema come l’installazione e l’aggiornamento dei pacchetti software, la modifica delle configurazioni di sistema a livello globale come impostazioni di rete e firewall, opzioni di archiviazione e l’aggiunta o modifica di utenti, gruppi e permessi sui file.

The root account will always be created during the installation. However, you should always also create a normal user accont in Create User and use that account to log in to the system. Only switch to the administrator account only when you need to perform a task which requires administrator access.

Once you choose a strong password, enter it in the Root Password field. The characters you write will be displayed as dots for security. Then, type the same password into the Confirm field to ensure you entered it properly. Both entered passwords must be the same.

As you enter the password, it will be evaluated and the installer will determine the password’s strength. If the installer considers your password weak, a message will appear at the bottom of the screen, explaining which aspect of your chosen password is considered insuficient. For example:

If a message similar to the above appears, it is highly recommended to choose a different, stronger password.

Once you configure the superuser password, click Done in the top left corner to return to Configuration and Installation Progress. If you selected a weak password, you must press the button twice.

La schermata Crea utente consente di creare e configurare un account utente normale (non root) durante l’installazione. Qui è possibile configurare un solo account utente; se sono necessari più account, attendere il completamento dell’installazione, riavviare il sistema e poi creare gli altri account utilizzando il comando useradd nel terminale, oppure un’utilità grafica per la gestione degli utenti (ad esempio, la schermata Utenti nel menu Impostazioni di [application]GNOME).

Per configurare un account utente, compila il campo Nome completo (ad esempio, John Smith) e Nome utente (ad esempio, jsmith). Il Nome utente verrà utilizzato per accedere dalla riga di comando; se installi un ambiente grafico, il tuo gestore di login grafico utilizzerà il Nome completo.

Make sure that the Require a password to use this account check box is enabled, enter a password you want to use for this account into the Password field. The characters you write will be displayed as dots for security. Then, repeat the same password in the Confirm password field below to ensure you entered it properly. Both entered passwords must be the same.

As you enter the password, it will be evaluated and the installer will determine the password’s strength. If the installer considers your password weak, a message will appear at the bottom of the screen, explaining which aspect of your chosen password is considered insuficient. For example:

If a message similar to the above appears, it is highly recommended to choose a different, stronger password.

The Make this user administrator check box gives the user you are creatng administrative rights (by adding this user into the wheel group), allowing this user to use the sudo command to perform tasks normally only available to root using only the user password, instead of the root password. This may be more convenient, but can also pose a security risk.

To additional settings, click the Advanced button below the password input fields. A new dialog window titled Advanced User Configuration will open. This dialog is described in the following section.