Installing Using Anaconda

Fedora 安装程序使用 tmux 终端多路复用器以显示和控制多个窗口。每个窗口都有不同的用途，例如显示不同的日志文件以在安装时进行排错处理、使用带有 root 权限的交互式 Shell 等（当然你可以通过引导选项设置和 Kickstart 命令关闭特定的功能）。

终端多路复用器运行于 1 号虚拟终端，你可以使用 Ctrl+Alt+F1 从常规安装环境切换到位于 6 号虚拟终端的 tmux ，要想返回到常规安装环境可以使用 Ctrl+Alt+F6 。

运行 tmux 的终端有五个可用的窗口，我们在下面列举了每个窗口的快捷键和功能。注意快捷键包含两部分，你要首先按下 Ctrl+b ，然后松开这两个键，再按下数字键前往对应的窗口。

你还可以使用 Ctrl+b n 和 Ctrl+b p 切换到下一个或上一个 tmux 窗口。

除了 tmux 会显示调试信息外，Anaconda 也会生成一些日志文件， 这个小节 对这些日志文件有进一步的说明，如果你希望导出这些文件到可写的设备上，可以参考 这个页面的说明 。

You can press Shift+Print Screen at any time during the graphical installation to capture the current screen. These screenshots are saved to /tmp/anaconda-screenshots.

Additionally, you can use the autostep --autoscreenshot command in a Kickstart file to capture and save each step of the installation automatically. See autostep (optional) - Go Through Every Screen for details.

在图形化安装程序启动后显示的第一屏就是欢迎界面。

首先在左侧的栏目选择你偏好的语言，然后从右侧的栏目选择你的地区。如果你不想耗费时间在近七十种语言中寻找你的语言，你可以使用左下角的输入框进行搜索。

你所选择的语言会被设定为图形安装程序的显示语言，在安装的全程被使用，也会作为安装后系统的默认语言。尽管你可以在未来修改系统的语言，但是一旦你在这里点击继续，你就不能再回去重新制定安装程序的语言了。

我们会为你默认挑选一种语言，如果你的网络连接在这个时候已经可用了（例如你在网络服务器上引导了安装介质），我们就会通过 GeoIP 模组探测你的位置并将相应的语言设定为默认。指定默认语言的方式还包括在引导选项或者 PXE 服务器配置添加 inst.lang= 。默认语言会出现在语言列表顶部，但是你依然可以在操作选单任意指定其它的语言以用于后续安装和使用。

在选择好语言和地区后，点击继续以确认你的选择然后前往 安装摘要页 。

安装摘要页面在安装程序中处于枢纽的地位，绝大多数的安装选项都可以从这里访问。

安装摘要页面包含了若干个跳转到其它页面的链接，这些链接以类别的形式组织起来。对于每一个链接，都有着下面几种状态：

页面底部显示有警告信息，开始安装按钮被禁用，这意味着存在没有完成配置的选项。

每个页面的标题下方都有解释性的文字，显示当前页面已经配置的内容。有时候显示出来的内容会被精简，在必要的时候可以将鼠标移到上面以获得完整的文字内容。

当你配置好安装所需的一切事物，你就可以点击开始安装按钮以安装 Fedora 。这会将你重定向到 安装进程 页面。请注意在点击这个按钮之前，我们不会对你的硬盘作任何的改动。你可以随时退出安装程序，此时我们会撤销你所有的设置并为你重启系统。

日期与时间页面允许你对日期和时间进行设定。我们会基于你在 欢迎屏幕 的设定为此屏幕给定一系列的默认值，但在开始安装之前，你可以随时对这些设置进行调整。

首先，点击屏幕的左上角的下拉菜单来选择你的“地区”。然后，选择你的“城市”，或者最接近你目前所在地点的、在同一时区下的城市。选择一个特定的地点将帮助Fedora确保你的时间总会被设置正确；如果夏令时可用，那么为夏令时而自动做出的时间修改也会被设置正确。

你也可以只选择一个相对于格林尼治时间的时区而不设置到某个特定区域的地点。如果你想这样做，就选择“Etc”作为你的区域。

在屏幕右上角的拨动开关所示的“网络时间”可以通过使用网络时间协议（NTP）的方式，被用来开启或关闭网络时间同步。只要你的操作系统连上了互联网，开启此功能就会保持你的操作系统的时间正确。默认地，4个NTP_池_会被配置好；此外你也可以通过按下鼠标左键和右键旁边的中键来添加其他的NTP_池_，或者删除默认的NTP_池_。

如果你禁用了网络时间同步，屏幕下方的控件将变得可用，然后你就可以手动设置当前时间和日期了。

在配置完你的时间和日期设置之后，按下屏幕左上角的“Done”按键即可返回安装概要。

The Keyboard Layout screen allows you to set up one or more keyboard layouts for your system and a way to switch between them. One keyboard layout is configured automatically based on your selection in Welcome Screen and Language Selection, but you can change this layout and add additional ones before you begin the installation.

键盘布局是独立于系统语言的设置，您可以根据需要分别修改两个设置。

页面的左半部分包含一个列出所有当前配置的布局的窗口。页面上布局的顺序就是切换布局时遵循的顺序，并且第一个列出的布局将是您系统上的默认布局。

屏幕右侧的文本框可用于测试当前选择的布局。

您可以单击列表中的布局以选中它。 在列表的底部，有一组按钮：

您还可以配置切换可用布局的组合键。 单击屏幕右侧的 Options 按钮打开 Layout Switching Options 对话框，即可配置布局切换使用的组合键。 使用旁边的复选框选择一个或多个组合键，然后单击 OK 以确认您的选择。

After you finish configuring keyboard layouts and switches, click Done in the top left corner to return to Installation Summary.

语言支持页面允许你对系统的语言进行配置。默认的语言由 欢迎页面 决定，你只能额外添加其它的语言而不能删除默认的语言，设置好的语言将会在安装好的系统上可用 - 而不是安装程序。

如果你希望更换默认语言，或者安装时使用的语言，你必须重启你的系统重新进入安装程序，并在 欢迎页 选择其它的语言。

左栏包括了一些可选的语言组，例如英语和中文。如果你从中选择了至少一组，该组语言的左侧就会出现一个勾选标记，这个语言组也会被高亮显示。这样子你就可以很方便地看到哪些语言被配置过了。

要添加一种或多种语言，从左栏选择一个语言组，然后在右栏选择一个具体的语言变种。重复这一步骤，直到所有需要启用的语言都已经配置妥当。

一旦你决定好了，就点击左上角的 Done 来返回 安装概要 页面。

安装源页面允许你指定从何处（本地或网络）下载软件包以用于安装。在大多数情况下，这个页面的设置项会被自动配置，但是你仍然可以对页面上的选项作出修改。

可用的选项如下所示，注意有些不适用于你的选项可能会被隐藏。

你还可以指定额外的安装源以访问更多的安装环境和附加组件。当配置完成后，所有可用的安装环境和附加组建都会显示在 软件包选择 页面。

要添加软件源，点击 + 按钮。要删除软件源，从列表上选择一项并点击 - 按钮。点击箭头图标回滚你的操作。要激活或反激活软件源，只需要在列表项目中勾选或反选 Enabled 栏目。

你可以使用该部分右侧的输入字段命名你的附加软件源并以与网络上的主软件源相同的方式对其进行配置。

一旦你决定好了，就点击左上角的 Done 来返回 安装概要 页面。

软件包选择页面允许你选择一个软件包集和一些附加组件。被选中的软件包会在系统安装过程中被安装到你的系统。

这个页面当且仅当 安装来源 已经正确设置而且软安装程序已经成功从软件源获取软件包元数据。

可供选用的软件包集和附加组件取决于你的安装来源。在默认情况下起决定作用的就是你使用的安装媒体介质文件。Fedora Server 提供的软件包集和附加组件就和 Fedora Cloud 所提供的有所不同，当然你可以自由切换安装来源。

要配置软件包选择，从页面左侧选择一个环境。只有选择了环境后才可以做下一步的定制。接下来，在页面右侧，你可以通过勾选列表上的内容来选择一个或多个的附加组件。

附加组件有两个类别，分隔线上方的附加组件与你选择的环境有关；选择不同的环境会有不同的额外组件可用。分隔线下方的附加组件和所选环境无关。

可用环境和附加组件由安装源的 comps.xml 文件定义（以 Fedora Server 安装 DVD 为例，这个文件位于 repodata/ 目录）。要了解每个环境和附加组件到底包含了什么软件包，可以查看这个文件。要了解更多信息，请阅读 这个页面 。

一旦你决定好了，就点击左上角的 Done 来返回 安装概要 页面。

安装目标页面将允许你对储存设备进行配置，你可以选择将哪个设备用于 Fedora 的安装。你需要至少选择一个设备以完成安装。

For information about the theory and concepts behind disk partitioning in Linux, see Recommended Partitioning Scheme.

所有在本地可用的储存设备都会在页面的顶部的`本地标准磁盘`区域被列出来（包括 SATA、IDE 和 SCSI 硬盘、USB 驱动器等等）。在安装程序启动的时候本地储存设备就会被自动探测，在安装开始后才连上的设备不会被显示。

If you need to configure additional local storage devices, select I will configure partitioning and press Done to move to Manual Partitioning. Then, connect any new hard drives you want to make available during the installation, and press the button marked by a circular arrow in the set of controls below the list of mount points on the left side of the screen. In the dialog window that opens, press Rescan Disks and wait until the scanning process completes. Then, press OK to return to Installation Destination; all detected disks including any new ones will be displayed in the Local Standard Disks section.

The Specialized & Network Disks section below shows advanced network storage (such as iSCSI and FCoE disks) currently configured. When you first open this screen, no such devices will be displayed because they can not be automatically detected; to search for network storage devices, press Add a disk button and proceed with Installation Destination - Specialized & Network Disks. Any network storage you configure will then show up in the Specialized & Network Disks the same way local disks are shown above.

我们使用一个黑色实心圆为底的白色对勾标记将被用于安装Fedora的储存设备。没有被标记的设备将不会用于安装，自动分区的时候也会忽略这些设备，手动分区的时候这些设备也将会是不可用状态。

After you select all disks you want to install Fedora, select one of the two options in the Other Storage Options section:

此外你还可以选择`加密我的数据`，此选项将使用 LUKS 加密所有的分区（除了使用_Linux统一密钥设置_ (LUKS)的、用于系统引导的分区，如 /boot）。关于LUKS加密方式详见[citetitle]Fedora 安全 指南, available at https://docs.fedoraproject.org/。

要指定在哪些储存设备安装 引导程序 ，就需要点击页面左下角的磁盘概览和引导器链接，并按照 安装引导程序小节的说明进行操作。请注意大部分时候只需要使用默认配置就可以了，但有些配置（例如需要链式引导启动的时候）还是需要手动指定引导的设备。

在选择储存设备、指定自动分区或手动分区、配置磁盘加密和bootloader的位置后，点击左上角的`完成`按钮。然后根据你的选择将发生以下事件：

This part of the Installation Destination screen allows you to configure non-local storage devices, namely iSCSI and FCoE storage. This section will mostly be useful to advanced users who have a need for networked disks. For instructions on setting up local hard drives, see Installation Destination.

The screen contains a list of all currently available (discovered) network storage devices. When the screen is opened for the first time, the list will be empty in most cases because no network storage has been discovered - the installer makes no attempt at discovering this unless you configure network disks using a Kickstart file.

To add one or more storage devices to the screen so you can search them and use them in the installation, click Add iSCSI Target or Add FCoE SAN in the bottom right corner of the screen, and follow the instructions in Add iSCSI Target or Add FCoE SAN, depending on which type of network storage you want to add.

Network storage devices successfully discovered and configured by the installer will then be displayed in the main list, along with identifying information such as Name, WWID, Model and Target. To sort the list by a specific column (for example WWID), click the column’s heading.

There are three tabs on the top of the list, which display different information:

Depending on the tab you are currently in, you can filter the discovered devices by using the Filter By field. Some of the filtering options are automatically populated based on discovered devices (for example, if you select Filter By: Vendor, another drop-down menu will appear showing all vendors of all discovered devices). Other filters require your input (for example when filtering by WWID), and present you with a text input field instead of a drop-down menu.

In the list (regardless of how it is filtered), each device is presented on a separate row, with a check box to its left. Mark the check box to make the device available during the installation process; this will cause this device (node) to be shown in the Specialized & Network Disks section in Installation Destination. There, you can select the disk as an installation target and proceed with either manual or automatic partitioning.

When you have selected the storage devices to make available during installation, click Done to return to Installation Destination.

The Manual Partitioning screen allows you to create a storage configuration for your Fedora system manually, giving you a greater control over your system’s storage.

In most other installers for both Linux and other operating systems, disk partitioning usually takes a "bottom-up" approach. In these installers, you first create underlying devices such as LVM physical volumes, then you create a layout such as LVM on top of them, then you create file systems on top of logical volumes, and the last step is usually assigning a mount point to each volume as needed.

Anaconda uses an opposite approach. First, you create all separate mount points you need, and everything needed to create them (creating a volume group, logical volumes inside it, and physical volumes where the volume group will reside) is performed automatically. You can then adjust the automatic settings as you require.

When you first open the Manual Partitioning screen, the column on the left side will display all previously existing partitions on all drives which you selected as installation targers in Installation Destination. If none of the selected drives contain any existing partitions, then a message informing you that no mount points currently exist will appear.

Here, you can choose a partitioning scheme such as LVM or BTRFS and click the Click here to create them automatically to prompt the installer to create a basic partitioning layout; this layout follows the guidelines described in Recommended Partitioning Scheme. The created layout is a basic layout where partition/volume sizes are determined automatically based on the total amount of available space.

Click the + button to add a mount point. In the dialog window that opens, choose a mount point such as / or /home, and the desired capacity for the mount point (such as 10GB or 500MB). Note that specifying the mount point is mandatory, but you do not have to specify the capacity at this point; this is useful when adding a mount point which you want to make larger than the current available space permits. Then, click Add mount point to add it to the list using the default settings, which means it will be created as a logical volume, and a new volume group will be created for it unless one already exists.

Then, select the newly created mount point in the list on the left side. A set of controls will display on the right side of the screen, allowing you to change its mount point, the device on which it will physically reside, its capacity, file system, etc. When you change any settings, press Update Settings on the bottom right. This will save the adjusted configuration; you can now create another mount point, or select a different existing one and adjust its settings as well.

To remove a mount point, select it in the list and press the - button below.

The exact steps for configuring your storage depend on your specific needs and your system configuration. Procedures for creating specific layouts are described further in this chapter. Before you start, you should also review Recommended Partitioning Scheme and Advice on Partitions for a list of requirements and tips for partitioning your disks for Fedora.

Below the list of existing mount points are two fields, showing you how much free space is left on your storage devices and how much total space they have.

Click the X storage devices selected to view a summary of currently selected storage devices; this may help you with orientation in more complicated storage schemas. Devices displayed here are the ones you have selected in Installation Destination. If you want to add or remove any storage devices from your configuration, return to that screen and change your selection.

You can press the Reset All button in the bottom right corner at any time to reset the storage configuration to the state it was in when you last opened the Manual Partitioning screen. This means that if you modify the storage configuration, leave the screen, and then come back, the Reset button will reset the configuration back to the already modified state, discarding only the changes you have made recently, not all changes to the storage configuration since you booted the installer.

To discard all changes, and to also detect any new drives which have not been detected when the installer started (usually when you attached a new drive after you started), press the button marked by a circular arrow in the set of controls below the list of mount points on the left side of the screen. In the dialog window that opens, press Rescan Disks and wait until the scanning process completes. Then, press OK to return to Installation Destination; all detected disks including any new ones will be displayed in the Local Standard Disks section.

After you finish configuring your system storage, press Done in the top left corner to save the configuration and return to the Installation Summary screen. At this point, the installer will check if your storage configuration is valid. If an error was detected, a message will be displayed at the bottom of the screen. Click the message to open a dialog window explaining what kind of error has been detected (for example, you put /boot on a Btrfs subvolume, or you did not create a BIOS Boot partition when your system requires one).

If such a message is displayed, go back and fix any issues found by the installer; otherwise you will not be able to proceed with the installation. You can also press Done again to return to the Installation Summary anyway, but a storage configuration error will prevent you from starting the actual installation process.

If no error message is displayed and if you made any changes since the last time you have visited this screen, a summary dialog will appear, displaying a detailed list of the changes you made. Review the list and click Accept Changes to proceed with Installation Summary, or click Cancel & Return to Custom Partitioning if you want to make any more changes.

Use this screen to select whether or not Kdump will be activated on the installed system, and how much memory will be reserved for it if enabled.

Kdump is a kernel crash dumping mechanism which, in the event of a system crash, captures the contents of the system memory at the moment of failure. This captured memory can then be analyzed to find the cause of the crash. If Kdump is enabled, it must have a small portion of the system’s memory (RAM) reserved to itself. This reserved memory will not be accessible to the main kernel.

To enable Kdump on the installed system, check Enabled. Then, select either Automatic or Manual memory reservation settings, and if you selected Manual, enter the amount of memory to be reserved in megabytes into the Memory to be reserved field.

The amount of memory which you should reserve is determined based on your system’s architecture (AMD64 and Intel 64 will have different requirements than IBM Power, for example) as well as the total amount of system memory. In most cases, automatic reservation will be satisfactory. If you insist on manual settings, see the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Kernel Crash Dump Guide for guidelines. This document also contains more in-depth information about how Kdump works, how to configure additional settings, and how to analyze a saved crash dump.

The Usable System Memory readout below the reservation input field shows how much memory will be accessible to your main system once your selected amount of RAM is reserved.

After configuring Kdump settings, click Done in the top left corner to return to Installation Summary.

“网络和主机名”屏幕被用于配置网络接口。在此选择的选项将不仅可用于安装过程当中（例如在安装过程当中下载远端的软件包），还可用于安装好的系统上。

本地访问接口会被安装程序自动检测，且不能被手动添加或删除。所有检测到的接口都在屏幕左侧被列表列出来。点击列表中的一个接口可以显示该接口当前的配置（例如IP和DNS地址），此时接口的详细信息会在屏幕右侧被显示出来。

在接口列表的下方有两个按钮。点击“+”按钮可以添加一个虚拟网络接口（例如Team、Bond或者VLAN），这类接口的信息详见添加一个虚拟网络接口。要删除之前已有的虚拟网络接口，你需要在列表中选中此接口，然后点击“-”按钮。

要修改已有虚拟接口或者物理接口的设置（例如IP地址、DNS服务器或者路由配置），你需要在左侧面板选择要修改的接口，然后点击屏幕右下角的“配置”按钮。可用的设置详见编辑网络接口配置。

点击屏幕右上角的`ON`/`OFF`按钮可以启用或禁用当前选择的接口。

在连接列表下方，你可以在“主机名”输入框内输入这台电脑的主机名。主机名既可以是一个格式为_hostname_.domainname_的_完全限定域名 （FQDN），也可以是一个短格式的、不带域名的主机名。很多网络都有一个_动态主机配置协议_ （DHCP）服务，用于自动分配连接的操作系统的域名。要想允许DHCP服务为本机分配域名，则必须指定短格式主机名。

安装进展页面会在你完成 安装摘要 页面上的所有设置并点击开始安装按钮后出现。此时，实际的安装流程就会开始，所有改动将会应用到你选定的磁盘上。此时就不能再回到安装摘要页面并作出其它的调整了，然而在安装结束重启系统后，你依然可以在安装好的系统上对设置作出调整。

In the top part of the screen, two additional options are available, allowing you to configure authentication settings - the root password and an additional user account. Configuring the root password is required to finish the installation; creating a user account can be skipped. If you do so, you will be prompted to create a non-root user account after the installation finishes and your system reboots.

The bottom of the screen shows a progress bar and a message informing you of the current progress of the installation. When the installation finishes and the root password has been set, you can press the Finish configuration button to reboot your computer and log in to your newly installed Fedora system.

Root 帐户密码页面允许你对`root` 账户的密码进行设置。这个密码将被用于登录到超级管理员账户，以处理各类需要高权限才能完成的任务（如安装和更新软件包、修改全局系统设置如网络设定、储存设定、用户管理和文件权限设置等）。

The root account will always be created during the installation. However, you should always also create a normal user accont in Create User and use that account to log in to the system. Only switch to the administrator account only when you need to perform a task which requires administrator access.

当你选定一个强密码后，将它填写到表单中。为了安全起见你输入的字符都会被显示为实心原点。接下来再输入一次密码以确认你刚才输入的密码准确无误。请注意两次输入的密码应该是相同的。

在你输入密码的时候，安装程序会评估密码的强度。如果安装程序认为你的密码非常弱，屏幕顶部会弹出相关的信息，告知你输入的密码在哪一方面有所欠缺，例如：

如果有这样的信息出现，我们建议你选择一个不同的且安全性更佳的密码。

当你完成了 root 帐户密码设置后，点击左上角的确定按钮就可以回到 安装进度页 。如果你选择了一个弱密码，你需要连续点两次确认按钮。

在安装的过程中你可以使用创建用户页面创建和配置一个（除了 root 之外的）用户。如果你需要多个账户，你可以在安装完成重启后通过命令行 useradd 或者 GNOME 设置等方式继续创建。

要配置一个用户帐户，你需要添加用户名称（例如 John Smith）和帐号（例如 jsmith）。帐号将被用于在控制台登录你的系统。如果你使用图形界面，你的登录管理器将会显示你的用户名称。

请务必勾选启用帐户密码，并在密码栏填写一个密码。为了安全起见无论你敲的字符是什么我们都只会显示实心圆点。接下来你还需要再输入一次密码以确认你刚才输入的密码准确无误。注意两次输入的密码要一致才行。

在你输入密码的时候，安装程序会评估密码的强度。如果安装程序认为你的密码非常弱，屏幕顶部会弹出相关的信息，告知你输入的密码在哪一方面有所欠缺，例如：

如果有这样的信息出现，我们建议你选择一个不同的且安全性更佳的密码。

你可以选择将用户添加到管理员组（也就是 wheel 组），这样子用户就可以通过 sudo 命令而从只需要自己的密码就能执行特权任务。这可以使得许多工作变得简单，但也有可能带来安全隐患。

如果你希望对用户做进一步的设置，你可以点击位于表单下方的高级选项按钮。此时一个对话框会弹出，我们会在下面介绍这个对话框。