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准备启动介质

This is an internal demo and preview of the proposed changes to the Fedora user documentation. It is a first draft and part of a proof of concept. It is neither valid information nor final content. The intent is to outline the structure of the documentation as a whole and the intended message of this section.

Fedora 映像是“混合 ISO”，可用于创建带有光盘和 USB 磁盘的安装介质，以便在 BIOS 和 UEFI 系统上启动。

Fedora Media Writer

Fedora Media Writer 已大幅改进，现在是官方的、经过测试的、受支持的启动介质制作方法。Fedora Media Writer 支持 Linux、macOS 和 Windows。它是制作可启动 USB 介质以安装 Fedora（或其他操作系统）的简便方法。强烈建议使用[application]Fedora Media Writer，尽管其他 USB 介质制作软件也可以。

Fedora Media Writer 的一些新功能包括：Fedora 工作站和服务器版可通过主选单的选项方便快捷地选择。如果您选择 自定义镜像 按钮，还可以有更多选择。这将提供各种 Fedora 定制版，例如 Xfce 或 Mate。

从历史上看，通用 USB 创建工具（如 Unetbootin ）是一种从用于光学介质的 ISO 创建 USB 安装程序的流行方法。它们通常通过从映像中提取文件在 USB 驱动器上创建文件系统，并将 syslinux 引导加载程序写入设备。

这些方法绕过了 Fedora 映像中内置的引导加载程序配置，这些配置是预先分区的，旨在在启用了安全启动的 UEFI 系统和 BIOS 系统上启动，因此它们不会产生与 Fedora 映像一致的结果，尤其是在 UEFI 系统上。

最好的结果是由使用直接写入方法并且不修改 Fedora 映像的实用程序产生的。

在将映像写入设备之前，请务必三思而后行。本文中介绍的媒体创建方法是破坏性的。 在此过程中，U 盘上的所有数据都将被删除，因此请确保备份 U 盘上的数据。仔细检查您是否选择了正确的设备来写入映像！

安装和运行 Fedora 启动盘写入工具

在 Fedora 上

在 Fedora 25 或更高版本中，Fedora Media Writer 在默认软件源中可用。您可以使用 dnf 安装该软件包。

  1. 如需安装 Fedora Media Writer，请使用：

    $ sudo dnf install mediawriter

  2. 运行应用 Fedora Media Writer:

    $ mediawriter

    或者在 Gnome 3 中选择 活动 ，然后点击 Fedora Media Writer.

在其他 Linux 发行版上

在各种 Linux 发行版上安装 Fedora Media Writer 的最佳方法是使用预置的 Flatpak 软件包。该软件包可从 Flatpak 官方软件仓库 Flathub.org 获取。

  1. 要在 Linux 系统上安装 Flatpak，请遵循 Flatpak文档 页面上的指南。

  2. 运行软件：

    $ sudo mediawriter

在 Windows 上

  1. 从 GetFedora.org 下载最新的 Windows 安装程序文件。服务器会自动检测正在运行的系统，并为您的 Windows 版本提供正确的安装文件。

  2. 通过双击安装程序运行安装，然后继续执行设置向导。该向导允许您自定义软件的安装（如果您愿意）。

  3. 通过单击启动器运行应用程序。

    在 Windows 8 和 10 中，Fedora Media Writer 启动器将放置在 F 下的 所有应用 菜单中。在 Windows 10 中，您只需在任务栏的搜索框中键入 Fedora Media Writer。

在 macOS 上

  1. 从 GetFedora.org 下载最新的Mac磁盘映像（软件包扩展名为 .dmg）。服务器会自动检测运行的系统，并为您的 macOS 提供正确的软件包。

  2. 打开 .dmg 文件，在点击 Fedora Media Writer 程序的同时按住 kbd:[Ctrl] 键。

  3. 在弹出菜单中点击 “打开”。

  4. 如果出现确认对话框，点击其中的 “打开” 按钮。

将 ISO 映像写入 USB 介质。

  1. 选择您希望为其制作可启动 USB 驱动器的 Fedora 版本。

    Fedora 启动盘写入工具主屏幕的图像
    Figure 1. Fedora 启动盘写入工具主屏幕：选择您的 Fedora 版本

    主选项可让您选从默认的 Fedora 工作站版 或 服务器版 选择其一。在下载映像和创建 USB 之前，Fedora Media Writer 会显示有关版本的更多详细信息。如果选择 其他发行版 ，您可以选择不同的架构。

  2. 选择 “创建 Live USB” 以继续。

    Fedora Media Writer 发行版信息屏幕截图
    Figure 2. Fedora 启动盘写入工具发行版信息

    Fedora Media Writer 会自动为您下载 ISO。如果您之前下载过 ISO 并将其放在 下载 目录中，它将立即可供使用。

    Image of Fedora Media Writer Automatic Download
    Figure 3. Fedora Media Writer 自动下载

  3. 插入要在其上创建可启动媒体的 USB 驱动器。

  4. To write the image onto the media, click the red btn:[Write to disk] button.

    Image of Fedora Media Writer write to device red button
    Figure 4. Fedora Media Writer Write to USB Device

创建实时 USB 的其他方法

Using the Fedora Media Writer is highly recommended for everybody, because it offers a reliable way to create a live USB stick for Fedora installation.

However, some experienced users may prefer to go through the creation process manually. If you decide to do so, you have to download the installation images and use an application to write them onto the USB stick.

If you have downloaded and verified the installation images manually, you still can write them onto the USB stick using Fedora Media Writer.

Downloading Boot and Installation Images

The Fedora Project offers different Editions tailored for some specific use cases. Choose the Fedora Edition best for you. You can also build your own by customizing Fedora after it’s installed or by using a kickstart file as described in Creating a Kickstart File.

Kickstart installation requires the netinstall media type, or a direct installation booting method such as PXE; kickstarts are not supported with live images.

Read more about Fedora Workstation, Fedora Cloud, Fedora Server and the available media types in Downloading Fedora.

You can also choose a Fedora Spin featuring favorite alternative desktops or tools for specialized tasks at https://spins.fedoraproject.org.

Verifying the Downloaded Image

Because transmission errors or other problems may corrupt the Fedora image you have downloaded, it is important to verify the file’s integrity. After the images are created, an operation is performed on the file that produces a value called a checksum using a complex mathematical algorithm. The operation is sufficiently complex that any change to the original file will produce a different checksum.

By calculating the image’s checksum on your own computer and comparing it to the original checksum, you can verify the image has not been tampered with or corrupted. The original checksum values are provided at https://getfedora.org/security/, and are gpg signed to demonstrate their integrity.

Verifying checksums on Windows systems

  1. Download the Fedora image of your choice from https://getfedora.org/ and the corresponding checksum file from https://getfedora.org/security/

  2. Open a powershell session.

  3. Change to the directory containing the downloaded files.

    > cd $HOME\Downloads\
> ls

Directory: C:\Users\Pete\Downloads

Mode                LastWriteTime         Length  Name
----                -------------         ------  ----
-a---        11/25/2014  12:39 PM            272  Fedora-Server-21-x86_64-CHECKSUM
-a---        11/25/2014  12:39 PM     2047868928  Fedora-Server-DVD-x86_64-21.iso

  4. Load the resources required to calculate the checksum.

    > $image = "Fedora-Server-DVD-x86_64-21.iso"
> $checksum_file = "Fedora-Server-21-x86_64-CHECKSUM"
> $sha256 = New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.sha256CryptoServiceProvider
> $expected_checksum = ((Get-Content $checksum_file | Select-String -Pattern $image) -split " ")[0].ToLower()

  5. Calculate the downloaded image’s checksum. This will take a while!

    > $download_checksum = [System.BitConverter]::ToString($sha256.ComputeHash([System.IO.File]::ReadAllBytes("$PWD\$image"))).ToLower() -replace '-', ''

  6. Compare the calculated checksum to the expected checksum.

    > echo "Download Checksum: $download_checksum"
> echo "Expected Checksum: $expected_checksum"
> if ( $download_checksum -eq "$expected_checksum" ) {
echo "Checksum test passed!"
} else {
echo "Checksum test failed."
}

Verifying checksums on Linux and macOS systems

  1. Download the Fedora image of your choice from https://fedoraproject.org/get-fedora and the corresponding checksum file from https://getfedora.org/security/

  2. Open a terminal window, and navigate to the directory with the downloaded files.

    $ cd ~/Downloads

  3. Use the appropriate utility to verify the image checksum.

    • For Linux:

      $ sha256sum -c *CHECKSUM

    • For macOS:

      $ grep '^SHA256' *-CHECKSUM | awk -F '[()=]' '{ print $4 "  " $2 }' | shasum -a 256 -c

Writing the images to USB media

Creating USB media with GNOME Disks

  1. On a system with GNOME, or with the gnome-disk-utility package installed, open Disks using the system menu.

  2. Click your USB device in the left column.

  3. Click the menu icon in the upper right corner of the window, and choose the Restore Disk Image option.

  4. Navigate to your image file and click Start Restoring. After a few minutes, it will report the process is complete and your installation media will be ready to use.

Creating USB Media on the Linux command line

  1. Open a terminal window and insert the usb drive.

  2. Find the device node assigned to the drive. In the example below, the drive is given sdd.

    $ dmesg|tail
[288954.686557] usb 2-1.8: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=1, SerialNumber=2
[288954.686559] usb 2-1.8: Product: USB Storage
[288954.686562] usb 2-1.8: SerialNumber: 000000009225
[288954.712590] usb-storage 2-1.8:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
[288954.712687] scsi host6: usb-storage 2-1.8:1.0
[288954.712809] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[288954.716682] usbcore: registered new interface driver uas
[288955.717140] scsi 6:0:0:0: Direct-Access     Generic  STORAGE DEVICE   9228 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0
[288955.717745] sd 6:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg4 type 0
[288961.876382] sd 6:0:0:0: sdd Attached SCSI removable disk

  3. Use the dd utility to write the image.

    # dd if=/path/to/Fedora-Live-Security-x86_64-21.iso of=/dev/sdd

    Pay extreme attention to the source (if=) and target (of=) device. The dd command destroys all data on the target device. If you made a mistake, you could lose important data.

Creating a Boot CD or DVD

In addition to creating a bootable USB flash drive, you can also use the provided ISO images to create bootable optical media (a CD or DVD). This approach may be necessary when installing Fedora on an older system which cannot boot from USB.

The exact steps you need to take to burn a bootable CD or DVD from an ISO image will vary depending on what disc burning software you use. This procedure only offers a general overview.

  1. Insert a blank CD or DVD into your system’s CD or DVD burner.

  2. Open your system’s burning software - for example, Brasero on Fedora systems with GNOME desktop environment, or Nero on Windows systems. In the software’s main menu, find an option which lets you burn an ISO image to a disc. For example, in Brasero, this option is Burn image in the main menu on the left side of the window.

  3. When prompted, select the ISO image of Fedora to be burned, and the CD or DVD burner with a blank disc inside (if you have more than one drive).

  4. Confirm your selection, and wait for the disc to be burned.

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