Edition 2.0
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To see the contents of the filemy_next_bestselling_novelin your current working directory, enter thecat my_next_bestselling_novelcommand at the shell prompt and press Enter to execute the command.
Press Enter to execute the command.Press Ctrl+Alt+F1 to switch to the first virtual terminal. Press Ctrl+Alt+F7 to return to your X-Windows session.
mono-spaced bold. For example:
File-related classes includefilesystemfor file systems,filefor files, anddirfor directories. Each class has its own associated set of permissions.
Choose → → from the main menu bar to launch Mouse Preferences. In the Buttons tab, click the Left-handed mouse check box and click to switch the primary mouse button from the left to the right (making the mouse suitable for use in the left hand).To insert a special character into a gedit file, choose → → from the main menu bar. Next, choose → from the Character Map menu bar, type the name of the character in the Search field and click . The character you sought will be highlighted in the Character Table. Double-click this highlighted character to place it in the Text to copy field and then click the button. Now switch back to your document and choose → from the gedit menu bar.
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To connect to a remote machine using ssh, typesshat a shell prompt. If the remote machine isusername@domain.nameexample.comand your username on that machine is john, typessh john@example.com.Themount -o remountcommand remounts the named file system. For example, to remount thefile-system/homefile system, the command ismount -o remount /home.To see the version of a currently installed package, use therpm -qcommand. It will return a result as follows:package.package-version-release
Publican is a DocBook publishing system.
mono-spaced roman and presented thus:
books Desktop documentation drafts mss photos stuff svn books_tests Desktop1 downloads images notes scripts svgs
mono-spaced roman but add syntax highlighting as follows:
package org.jboss.book.jca.ex1; import javax.naming.InitialContext; public class ExClient { public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception { InitialContext iniCtx = new InitialContext(); Object ref = iniCtx.lookup("EchoBean"); EchoHome home = (EchoHome) ref; Echo echo = home.create(); System.out.println("Created Echo"); System.out.println("Echo.echo('Hello') = " + echo.echo("Hello")); } }
boot.iso image for a minimal boot CD or USB flash drive. Write the image to the approriate physical media to create bootable media. The boot media contains no packages but must be pointed at a hard disk or online repository to complete the installation.
netinst.iso image for a reduced-size boot CD. Write the image to the appropriate physical media to create bootable media.
vmlinuz kernel file and the initrd.img ramdisk image from the distribution's isolinux/ directory. Configure your operating system to boot the kernel and load the ramdisk image. For further information on installation without media, refer to Appendix B, Installing Without Media.
fedora/linux/releases/9/. This directory contains a folder for each architecture supported by that release of Fedora. CD and DVD media files appear inside that folder, in a folder called iso/. For example, you can find the file for the DVD distribution of Fedora 9 for x86_64 at fedora/linux/releases/9/x86_64/iso/F-9-x86_64-DVD.iso.
| Processor Manufacturer and Model | Architecture Type for Fedora |
|---|---|
| Intel (except Core 2 Duo, Centrino Core 2 Duo, or Xeon), AMD (except 64 or x2 dual-core), VIA C4, Apple MacBook Pro | i386 |
| Intel Core 2 Duo, Centrino Core 2 Duo, and Xeon; AMD Athlon64/x2, Sempron64/x2, Duron64 | x86_64 |
| Apple Macintosh G3, G4, G5, PowerBook, and other non-Intel models | ppc |
i386 Works for Most Windows Compatible Computersi386.
Fedora-9-x86_64-DVD.iso. Refer to Section 3.2, “Which Architecture Is My Computer?” if you are unsure of your computer's architecture.
| Media Type | File Locations |
|---|---|
| Full distribution on DVD | fedora/linux/releases/9/Fedora/ |
| Live image | fedora/linux/releases/9/Live/, fedora/linux/releases/9/Live/ |
| Minimal CD boot media | fedora/linux/releases/9/Fedora/ |
su -c 'yum -y install livecd-tools'
/dev/disk/by-label, or use the findfs:
su -c 'findfs --label="MyLabel"'
/var/log/messages log for details:
su -c 'less /var/log/messages'
livecd-iso-to-disk command to write the ISO image to the media:
su -c 'livecd-iso-to-diskthe_image.iso/dev/sdX1'
sdX1 with the device name for the partition on the USB media. Most flash drives and external hard disks use only one partition. If you have changed this behavior or have oddly partitioned media, you may need to consult other sources of help.
askmethod to the end of the line that appears below the menu.
| Boot Method | Installation Method |
|---|---|
| DVD | DVD, network, or hard disk |
| Minimal boot CD or USB, rescue CD | Network or hard disk |
| Live CD or USB | Install to Hard Disk application |
Network Boot or Boot Services. Once you properly configure PXE booting, the computer can boot the Fedora installation system without any other media.
askmethod, the next stage loads automatically from the DVD. Proceed to Chapter 7, Welcome Dialog.
askmethod option or booted from minimal boot media or a PXE server, proceed to Section 6.1, “Alternative Installation Methods”.
vfat includes a range of file systems, such as FAT-16 and FAT-32, found on most removable media. External hard drives usually contain vfat (FAT-32) file systems. Some Microsoft Windows systems also use vfat file systems on internal hard disk partitions.
fdisk utility.
/dev/sd. Each individual drive has its own letter, for example /dev/sda. Each partition on a drive is numbered, for example /dev/sda1.
| Partition type | Volume | Original path to files | Directory to use |
|---|---|---|---|
| VFAT,NTFS | D:\ | D:\Downloads\F9 | /Downloads/F9 |
| ext2, ext3, ext4 | /home | /home/user1/F9 | /user1/F9 |
/9/Fedora/architecture/os/ to the path shown on the web page. A correct mirror location for an i386 system resembles the URL http://mirror.example.com/pub/fedora/linux/releases/9/Fedora/i386/os.
/home partition and perform a fresh installation. For more information on partitions and how to set them up, refer to Chapter 12, Disk Partitioning.
rpm -qa --qf '%{NAME} %{VERSION}-%{RELEASE} %{ARCH}\n' > ~/old-pkglist.txt'
su -c 'tar czf /tmp/etc-`date +%F`.tar.gz /etc' su -c 'mv /tmp/etc-*.tar.gz /home'
/home directory as well as content from services such as an Apache, FTP, or SQL server, or a source code management system. Although upgrades are not destructive, if you perform one improperly there is a small possibility of data loss.
/home directory. If your /home directory is not a separate partition, you should not follow these examples verbatim! Store your backups on another device such as CD or DVD discs or an external hard disk.
noipv6. The installation program does not configure network interfaces for IPv6 if you use this option. For more information on boot options, refer to Appendix A, Boot Options.
machine1.example.commachine1example.comhostname.localdomainroot for system administration. The root account on a Linux system is not subject to most normal account restrictions. As the system owner or administrator, you may sometimes require special privileges to configure or modify the system. In those cases, use the root account.
root Accountroot when possible. Any administration tools which require root privileges will prompt you for the password.
root password to be at least six characters long. Because the root account may potentially control any part of the system, use the following guidelines to create a good password:
f9*@1Ls99A
HL8$391%%rb
Iwtb,10^th
root password into the Root Password field. Fedora displays the characters as asterisks for security. Type the same password into the Confirm field to ensure it is set correctly. After you set the root password, select to proceed.
/boot partition
/ partition
swap partition
/home partition on systems that store user data. Refer to Section 12.5, “Advice on Partitions” for more information.
/ (or
root) partition.
/root/boot/ directory resides on the /boot partition. For example, the file /boot/grub/grub.conf resides on the /boot partition.
/boot partition, such as /etc/passwd, resides on the / partition.
/usr and /usr/local partitions. In that case, files under /usr/local, such as /usr/local/bin/foo, are on the /usr/local partition. Any other files in /usr/, such as /usr/bin/foo, are in the /usr partition.
/ partition, upgrades become easier. Refer to the description of Disk Druid's Edit option for more information.
ext3 file system for data partitions that are not part of LVM, unless you have specific needs that require another type of file system.
/foo must be at least 500 MB, and you do not make a separate /foo partition, then the / (root) partition must be at least 500 MB.
| Directory | Minimum size |
|---|---|
/ | 250 MB |
/usr | 250 MB |
/tmp | 50 MB |
/var | 384 MB |
/home | 100 MB |
/boot | 75 MB |
ext3, and a mount point.
/boot Partition and LVM/boot partition.
/ and swap partitions within LVM volumes, with a separate /boot partition.
/home, /var, and /tmp, along with the swap partition. There is usually no need to encrypt /usr, since this directory usually contains only system executables and libraries that have no intrinsic privacy value. The /boot partition is never encrypted and should not be used for sensitive data.
/home directory within a volume group. With a separate /home partition, you may upgrade or reinstall Fedora without erasing user data files.
/boot partition. Unless you plan to install a great many kernels, the default partition size of 100 MB for /boot should suffice.
/var directory holds content for a number of applications, including the Apache web server. It also is used to store downloaded update packages on a temporary basis. Ensure that the partition containing the /var directory has enough space to download pending updates and hold your other content.
/usr directory holds the majority of software content on a Fedora system. For an installation of the default set of software, allocate at least 4 GB of space. If you are a software developer or plan to use your Fedora system to learn software development skills, you may want to at least double this allocation.
/var/lib/mysql, make a separate partition for that directory in case you need to reinstall later.
| Partition | Size and type |
|---|---|
/boot | 100 MB ext3 partition |
swap | 2 GB swap |
| LVM physical volume | Remaining space, as one LVM volume group |
| Partition | Size and type |
|---|---|
/ | 3 GB ext3 |
/usr | 8 GB ext3 |
/usr/local | 2 GB ext3 |
/var | 4 GB ext3 |
/home | 50 GB ext3 |
/boot partition.
/, and reduce its size as necessary.
/bin/, /dev/, /etc/, /lib/, /proc/, /root/, and /sbin/ directories may not be used for separate partitions in Disk Druid. These directories reside on the
/ (root) partition.
/boot partition may not reside on an LVM volume group. Create the /boot partition before configuring any volume groups.
NTFS, ext2, or ext3 partition
/home partition, you can retain that data while erasing system partitions such as /boot.
lvm command. To return to the text-mode installation, hit Alt+F1.
/boot/grub/grub.conf file. If you cannot boot, you may be able to use the "rescue" mode on the first Fedora installation disc to reset the GRUB password.
grub-md5-crypt utility. For information on using this utility, use the command man grub-md5-crypt in a terminal window to read the manual pages.
/boot partition.
man bootparam. For a comprehensive and authoritative list, refer to the documentation provided in the kernel sources.
repodata. For instance, the "Everything" repository for Fedora is typically located in a directory tree releases/9/Everything/arch/os, where arch is a system architecture name.
root account.
root password.
yum utility. Type this command to begin a full update of your system with yum:
su -c 'yum update'
root password when prompted.
yum.
yum utility. The update process downloads information and packages from a network of servers.
release. Check the old package list for the repositories that were installed:
awk '{print $1}' ~/old-pkglist.txt | grep 'release$'
yum and other software management tools on your Fedora system.
awk '{print $1}' ~/old-pkglist.txt | sort | uniq > ~/old-pkgnames.txtrpm -qa --qf '%{NAME}\n' | sort | uniq > ~/new-pkgnames.txtdiff -u ~/old-pkgnames.txt ~/new-pkgnames.txt | grep '^-' | sed 's/^-//' > /tmp/pkgs-to-install.txt
/tmp/pkgs-to-install.txt with the yum command to restore most or all of your old software:
su -c 'yum install `cat /tmp/pkgs-to-install.txt`'
root account:
su -
yum groupinstall "GNOME Desktop Environment"
/etc/inittab file:
nano /etc/inittab
initdefault. Change the numeral 3 to 5.
exit to logout of the administrator account.
reboot command. Your system will restart and present a graphical login.
linux option at the boot: prompt.
linux option1 option2 option3
version/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt, which is installed with the kernel-doc package.
lang option. Use the keymap option to configure the correct keyboard layout.
el_GR and gr identify the Greek language and the Greek keyboard layout:
linux lang=el_GR keymap=gr
lowres option. To use a specific display resolution, enter resolution=setting as a boot option. For example, to set the display resolution to 1024x768, enter:
linux resolution=1024x768
linux text
askmethod option to display additional menus that enable you to specify the installation method and network settings. You may also configure the installation method and network settings at the boot: prompt itself.
boot: prompt, use the method option. Refer to Installation Methods for the supported installation methods.
| Installation Method | Option Format |
|---|---|
| CD or DVD drive | method= |
| Hard Drive | method= |
| HTTP Server | method= |
| FTP Server | method= |
| NFS Server | method= |
boot: prompt. You may specify the ip address, netmask, gateway, and dns server settings for the installation system at the prompt. If you specify the network configuration at the boot: prompt, these settings are used for the installation process, and the Configure TCP/IP screen does not appear.
192.168.1.10:
linux ip=192.168.1.10 netmask=255.255.255.0 gateway=192.168.1.1 dns=192.168.1.2,192.168.1.3
telnet, which is installed by default on Fedora systems. To remotely access the graphical display of an installation system, use client software that supports the
VNC (Virtual Network Computing) display protocol. A number of providers offer VNC clients for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS, as well as UNIX-based systems.
linux vnc vncpassword=qwerty
vnc option enables the VNC service. The vncpassword option sets a password for remote access. The example shown above sets the password as qwerty.
Starting VNC...The VNC server is now running.Please connect to computer.mydomain.com:1 to begin the install...Starting graphical installation...Press <enter> for a shell
computer.mydomain.com:1.
-listen option to run vncviewer as a listener. In a terminal window, enter the command:
vncviewer -listen
5500 in the Port(s) field, and specify tcp as the Protocol.
boot: prompt. In addition to vnc and vncpassword options, use the vncconnect option to specify the name or IP address of the system that has the listening client. To specify the TCP port for the listener, add a colon and the port number to the name of the system.
desktop.mydomain.com on the port 5500, enter the following at the boot: prompt:
linux vnc vncpassword=qwerty vncconnect=desktop.mydomain.com:5500
linux text telnet
telnet utility. The telnet command requires the name or IP address of the installation system:
telnet computer.mydomain.com
telnet option to install systems on networks with restricted access.
syslog option. Specify the IP address of the logging system, and the UDP port number of the log service on that system. By default, syslog services that accept remote messages listen on UDP port 514.
192.168.1.20, enter the following at the boot: prompt:
linux syslog=192.168.1.20:514
syslogd to provide a syslog service. The default configuration of syslogd rejects messages from remote systems.
syslogd service includes no security measures. Crackers may slow or crash systems that permit access to the logging service, by sending large quantities of false log messages. In addition, hostile users may intercept or falsify messages sent to the logging service over the network.
/etc/sysconfig/syslog. You must use root privileges to edit the file /etc/sysconfig/syslog. Add the option -r to the SYSLOGD_OPTIONS:
SYSLOGD_OPTIONS="-m 0 -r"
syslogd service to apply the change:
su -c '/sbin/service syslog restart'
root password when prompted.
514 in the Port(s) field, and specify udp as the Protocol.
/root/anaconda-ks.cfg. You may use this file to repeat the installation with identical settings, or modify copies to specify settings for other systems.
system-config-kickstart to install this utility. To load the Fedora Kickstart editor, choose → → .
ks option to specify the name and location of the file:
linux ks=location/kickstart-file.cfg
| Kickstart Source | Option Format |
|---|---|
| CD or DVD drive | ks= |
| Hard Drive | ks= |
| Other Device | ks= |
| HTTP Server | ks= |
| FTP Server | ks= |
| NFS Server | ks= |
ks= option. If you add the option kssendmac, the request also sends HTTP headers to the Web application. Your application can use these headers to identify the computer. This line sends a request with headers to the application http://server.mydomain.com/kickstart.cgi:
linux ks=http://server.mydomain.com/kickstart.cgi kssendmac
.zip, or .tar.gz. To extract the contents of a zipped file with a Fedora system, choose → → .
dd utility. For example, to prepare a diskette with the image file drivers.img, enter this command in a terminal window:
dd if=drivers.img of=/dev/fd0
dd option at the boot: prompt:
linux dd
| Image Source | Option Format |
|---|---|
| Select a drive or device | dd |
| HTTP Server | dd= |
| FTP Server | dd= |
| NFS Server | dd= |
| Compatibility Setting | Option |
|---|---|
| Disable all hardware detection | noprobe |
| Disable graphics, keyboard, and mouse detection | headless |
| Disable automatic monitor detection (DDC) | skipddc |
| Use basic VESA driver for video | xdriver=vesa |
| Disable mainboard APIC | noapic |
| Disable power management (ACPI) | acpi=off |
| Disable Direct Memory Access (DMA) for IDE, SATA, and ATAPI drives | libata.dma=0 |
| Enable DMA only for IDE and SATA drives | libata.dma=1 |
| Disable BIOS-assisted RAID | nodmraid |
| Disable Firewire device detection | nofirewire |
| Disable parallel port detection | noparport |
| Disable PC Card (PCMCIA) device detection | nopcmcia |
| Disable USB storage device detection | nousbstorage |
| Disable all USB device detection | nousb |
| Force Firewire device detection | firewire |
| Prompt user for ISA device configuration | isa |
isa option causes the system to display an additional text screen at the beginning of the installation process. Use this screen to configure the ISA devices on your computer.
/mnt/sysimage/.
isolinux/ folder using one of the following methods:
isolinux/ folder.
releases/9/Fedora/arch/os/isolinux/ folder.
vmlinuz and initrd.img files from the chosen source to the /boot/ directory, renaming them to vmlinuz-install and initrd.img-installYou must have root privileges to write files into the /boot/ directory.
/boot/grub/grub.conf. To configure GRUB to boot from the new files, add a boot stanza to /boot/grub/grub.confthat refers to them.
title Installation
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-install
initrd /initrd.img-install
kernel line of the boot stanza. These options set preliminary options in Anaconda which the user normally sets interactively. For a list of available installer boot options, refer to Appendix A, Boot Options.
ip=
method=
lang=
keymap=
ksdevice= (if installation requires an interface other than eth0)
vnc and vncpassword= for a remote installation
default option in /boot/grub/grub.conf to point to the new first stanza you added:
default 0
root account with the command su -. As an alternative, you can run a command with the -c option, using the form su -c 'command'.
yum -y install cobbler
cobbler command can check its own settings for validity and report the results. Run the following command to check the settings:
cobbler check
/var/lib/cobbler/settings file to reflect the IP address information for the server. You must change at least the server and next_server options, although these options may point to the same IP address.
manage_dhcp option to 1. If you are running a DHCP server, configure it according to the instructions found in the syslinux package documentation. For more information, refer to your local files /usr/share/doc/syslinux-version/syslinux.doc and /usr/share/doc/syslinux-version/pxelinux.doc.
mkdir /mnt/dvd
mount -o context=system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 /dev/dvd /mnt/dvd
mount -ro loop,context=system_u:object_r:httpd_sys_content_t:s0 /path/to/image.iso /mnt/dvd
/etc/exports and add the following line to it:
/mnt/dvd *(ro,async)
/sbin/service rpcbind start /sbin/service nfs start
yum to install the Apache web server if it is not already installed:
yum -y install httpd
ln -s /mnt/dvd /var/www/html/distro
cobbler to create an installation server. The cobbler command can fetch the distribution over the network as part of the import process.
http://mirror.example.com/pub/fedora/linux/releases/9/Fedora/arch/os
ftp://mirror.example.com/pub/fedora/linux/releases/9/Fedora/arch/os
rsync://mirror.example.com/fedora/linux/releases/9/Fedora/arch/os
cobbler import tasks using a different name for each method. For best results, use the installation method as part of the name, so it appears in the client's boot menu.
cobbler, run this command:
cobbler import --path=/mnt/dvd --name=distro_name
distro_name, substitute a meaningful name for the distribution.
cobbler, run this command. Replace network_URI with the URI you found in Section C.3, “Mirroring a Network Location”, and distro_name as above:
cobbler import --mirror=network_URI --name=distro_name
cobbler imports a distribution with the commands above, it copies all the files to the server's local storage, which may take some time.
--available-as option.
cobbler import --path=/mnt/dvd --name=distro_name--available-as=network_URIcobbler import --mirror=network_URI--name=distro_name--available-as=network_URI
nework_URI, substitute the appropriate network location of the distribution. This URI indicates how the server makes the distribution available to its clients. The examples above assume that your cobbler server reaches the mirror location at the same URI as the clients. If not, substitute an appropriate URI for the --mirror option. The following examples are URI locations that work if you have been following the procedures in this section, and your server's IP address is 192.168.1.1:
nfs://192.168.1.1:/mnt/dvd
http://192.168.1.1:/distro
192.168.1.1 with the IP address for your cobbler server.
cobbler sync to apply the changes. To check that your cobbler server is listening on the correct ports, use the netstat -lp command.
system-config-securitylevel command to permit access to some or all of these network services:
cobbler server is to provide HTTP installation service
cobbler server is to provide FTP installation service
cobbler server is to provide NFS installation service
anaconda. To learn more about
anaconda, visit the project Web page: http://www.fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda.
anaconda and Fedora systems use a common set of software components. For detailed information on key technologies, refer to the Web sites listed below:
parted to partition disks. Refer to http://www.gnu.org/software/parted/ for more information.
Xorg suite to provide graphical capabilities. Components of Xorg manage the display, keyboard and mouse for the desktop environments that users interact with. Refer to http://www.x.org/ for more information.
anaconda include
VNC (Virtual Network Computing) software to enable remote access to graphical displays. For more information about VNC, refer to the documentation on the RealVNC Web site: http://www.realvnc.com/documentation.html.
bash shell to provide a command-line interface. The GNU Core Utilities complete the command-line environment. Refer to http://www.gnu.org/software/bash/bash.html for more information on bash. To learn more about the GNU Core Utilities, refer to http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/.
anaconda may use the scp
feature of OpenSSH to transfer crash reports to remote systems. Refer to the OpenSSH Web site for more information: http://www.openssh.com/.
netfilter framework to provide
firewall features. The Netfilter project website provides documentation for both netfilter, and the iptables administration facilities: http://netfilter.org/documentation/index.html.
yum to manage the RPM packages that make up the system. Refer to http://docs.fedoraproject.org/yum/ for more information.