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Préparation du support de démarrage

L’équipe de documentation Fedora Version unknown Last review: currently slightly out of date

Les images de Fedora sont des « ISO hybrides » et peuvent être utilisées pour créer un support d’installation sur CD/DVD ou clés USB, pour démarrer sur les systèmes BIOS et UEFI.

Fedora Media Writer

Fedora Media Writer a été considérablement amélioré et constitue désormais le moyen officiel, testé et pris en charge pour créer un support de démarrage. Fedora Media Writer prend en charge Linux, macOS et Windows. C’est un moyen simple de créer un support USB amorçable pour installer Fedora (ou d’autres systèmes d’exploitation). L’utilisation de Fedora Media Writer est fortement encouragée, bien que d’autres logiciels de création de supports USB puissent également fonctionner.

Certains des nouveaux ajouts de Fedora Media Writer sont que Fedora Workstation et Server sont facilement et rapidement accessibles à partir de la sélection depuis l’écran principal. D’autres choix sont disponibles si vous sélectionnez le bouton ci-dessous Image personnalisée. Celui-ci propose une sélection de divers Spins de Fedora, tels que Xfce ou Mate.

Historiquement, les outils de création USB universels, tels que Unetbootin, sont un moyen populaire de créer des programmes d’installation USB à partir d’ISO destinés aux supports CD/DVD. Ils créent généralement un système de fichiers sur la clé USB en extrayant les fichiers de l’image et en écrivant le chargeur de démarrage syslinux sur le périphérique.

Ces méthodes contournent la configuration du chargeur de démarrage intégrée aux images de Fedora, qui sont pré-partitionnées et conçues pour démarrer sur les systèmes UEFI avec SecureBoot actif sur les systèmes BIOS, et ne produisent donc pas de résultats cohérents avec les images de Fedora, en particulier sur les systèmes UEFI.

Les meilleurs résultats sont produits par des utilitaires utilisant une méthode d’écriture directe et ne modifiant pas l’image ISO de Fedora.

Réfléchissez toujours à deux fois avant d’écrire une image sur l’appareil. Les méthodes de création multimédia décrites dans cet article sont irrévocables. Toutes les données de la clé USB sont supprimées lors du processus, alors assurez-vous d’avoir une sauvegarde des données présentent sur la clé USB. Vérifiez à nouveau que vous avez sélectionné le bon périphérique sur lequel écrire l’image !

Installer et exécuter Fedora Media Writer

Sur Fedora

Sur Fedora 25 et version ultérieure, Fedora Media Writer est disponible dans le dépôt par défaut. Vous pouvez utiliser « dnf » pour installer le package.

  1. Pour installer l'Fedora Media Writer en utilisant :

    $ sudo dnf install mediawriter
  2. Exécuter l'Fedora Media Writer :

    $ mediawriter

    ou dans Gnome 3, sélectionnez Activités puis cliquez sur Fedora Media Writer.

Sur d’autres distributions Linux

The best way to install Fedora Media Writer on various Linux distributions is to use the pre-built Flatpak package. The package can be obtained from the official Flatpak repository Flathub.org.

  1. To setup Flatpak on your Linux system, follow the guidelines on the Flatpak documentation page.

  2. Run the application:

    $ sudo mediawriter

On Windows

  1. Download the latest Windows Installer file from GetFedora.org. The server automatically detects the running system and offers you the correct installation file for your Windows version.

  2. Run the installation by double clicking the installer, and then continue through the set-up wizard. The Wizard lets you customize the software’s installation if you choose to.

  3. Run the application by clicking on a launcher.

    In Windows 8 and 10, the Fedora Media Writer launcher will be placed in the All apps menu under F. In Windows 10, you can just type Fedora Media Writer in the search box on the task bar.

On macOS

  1. Download the latest Macintosh Disk Image (the package will have a .dmg extension) from GetFedora.org. The server automatically detects the running system and offers a correct package for your macOS.

  2. Open the .dmg file, and press and hold the kbd:[Ctrl] key while clicking on the Fedora Media Writer application.

  3. Press “Open” in the pop-up menu.

  4. Click the “Open” button in the confirmation dialog, if it appears.

Writing the ISO image to the USB Media.

  1. Select the Fedora Edition you wish to make a bootable USB drive for.

    Image of Fedora Media Writer Main Screen
    Graphique 1. Fedora Media Writer Main Screen: Choose your Edition of Fedora

    The main selection lets you choose one of the default Fedora editions, Fedora Workstation or Server. Fedora Media Writer displays more details about the edition before you can proceed with downloading the image and the USB creation. You can choose a different architecture, if you select Other variants.

  2. Select “Create Live USB” to proceed.

    Image of Fedora Media Writer Distro Information Screen
    Graphique 2. Fedora Media Writer Distro Information

    Fedora Media Writer will automatically download the ISO for you. If you have downloaded the ISO before and placed it in the Downloads directory, it will be immediately available to use.

    Image of Fedora Media Writer Automatic Download
    Graphique 3. Fedora Media Writer Automatic Download
  3. Plug in a USB drive on which you want to create the bootable media.

  4. To write the image onto the media, click the red btn:[Write to disk] button.

    Image of Fedora Media Writer write to device red button
    Graphique 4. Fedora Media Writer Write to USB Device

Other methods to create a live USB

Using the Fedora Media Writer is highly recommended for everybody, because it offers a reliable way to create a live USB stick for Fedora installation.

However, some experienced users may prefer to go through the creation process manually. If you decide to do so, you have to download the installation images and use an application to write them onto the USB stick.

If you have downloaded and verified the installation images manually, you still can write them onto the USB stick using Fedora Media Writer.

Downloading Boot and Installation Images

The Fedora Project offers different Editions tailored for some specific use cases. Choose the Fedora Edition best for you. You can also build your own by customizing Fedora after it’s installed or by using a kickstart file as described in Creating a Kickstart File.

Kickstart installation requires the netinstall media type, or a direct installation booting method such as PXE; kickstarts are not supported with live images.

Read more about Fedora Workstation, Fedora Cloud, Fedora Server and the available media types in Downloading Fedora.

You can also choose a Fedora Spin featuring favorite alternative desktops or tools for specialized tasks at https://spins.fedoraproject.org.

Vérification en cours de l’image téléchargée

Because transmission errors or other problems may corrupt the Fedora image you have downloaded, it is important to verify the file’s integrity. After the images are created, an operation is performed on the file that produces a value called a checksum using a complex mathematical algorithm. The operation is sufficiently complex that any change to the original file will produce a different checksum.

By calculating the image’s checksum on your own computer and comparing it to the original checksum, you can verify the image has not been tampered with or corrupted. The original checksum values are provided at https://getfedora.org/security/, and are gpg signed to demonstrate their integrity.

Verifying checksums on Windows systems

  1. Download the Fedora image of your choice from https://getfedora.org/ and the corresponding checksum file from https://getfedora.org/security/

  2. Open a powershell session.

  3. Change to the directory containing the downloaded files.

    > cd $HOME\Downloads\
    > ls
    
    Directory: C:\Users\Pete\Downloads
    
    Mode                LastWriteTime         Length  Name
    ----                -------------         ------  ----
    -a---        11/25/2014  12:39 PM            272  Fedora-Server-21-x86_64-CHECKSUM
    -a---        11/25/2014  12:39 PM     2047868928  Fedora-Server-DVD-x86_64-21.iso
  4. Load the resources required to calculate the checksum.

    > $image = "Fedora-Server-DVD-x86_64-21.iso"
    > $checksum_file = "Fedora-Server-21-x86_64-CHECKSUM"
    > $sha256 = New-Object -TypeName System.Security.Cryptography.sha256CryptoServiceProvider
    > $expected_checksum = ((Get-Content $checksum_file | Select-String -Pattern $image) -split " ")[0].ToLower()
  5. Calculate the downloaded image’s checksum. This will take a while!

    > $download_checksum = [System.BitConverter]::ToString($sha256.ComputeHash([System.IO.File]::ReadAllBytes("$PWD\$image"))).ToLower() -replace '-', ''
  6. Compare the calculated checksum to the expected checksum.

    > echo "Download Checksum: $download_checksum"
    > echo "Expected Checksum: $expected_checksum"
    > if ( $download_checksum -eq "$expected_checksum" ) {
    echo "Checksum test passed!"
    } else {
    echo "Checksum test failed."
    }

Verifying checksums on Linux and macOS systems

  1. Download the Fedora image of your choice from https://fedoraproject.org/get-fedora and the corresponding checksum file from https://getfedora.org/security/

  2. Open a terminal window, and navigate to the directory with the downloaded files.

    $ cd ~/Downloads
  3. Use the appropriate utility to verify the image checksum.

    • For Linux:

      $ sha256sum -c *CHECKSUM
    • For macOS:

      $ grep '^SHA256' *-CHECKSUM | awk -F '[()=]' '{ print $4 "  " $2 }' | shasum -a 256 -c

Writing the images to USB media

Creating USB media with GNOME Disks

  1. On a system with GNOME, or with the gnome-disk-utility package installed, open Disks using the system menu.

  2. Click your USB device in the left column.

  3. Click the menu icon in the upper right corner of the window, and choose the Restore Disk Image option.

  4. Navigate to your image file and click Start Restoring. After a few minutes, it will report the process is complete and your installation media will be ready to use.

Creating USB Media on the Linux command line

  1. Open a terminal window and insert the usb drive.

  2. Find the device node assigned to the drive. In the example below, the drive is given sdd.

    $ dmesg|tail
    [288954.686557] usb 2-1.8: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=1, SerialNumber=2
    [288954.686559] usb 2-1.8: Product: USB Storage
    [288954.686562] usb 2-1.8: SerialNumber: 000000009225
    [288954.712590] usb-storage 2-1.8:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
    [288954.712687] scsi host6: usb-storage 2-1.8:1.0
    [288954.712809] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
    [288954.716682] usbcore: registered new interface driver uas
    [288955.717140] scsi 6:0:0:0: Direct-Access     Generic  STORAGE DEVICE   9228 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0
    [288955.717745] sd 6:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg4 type 0
    [288961.876382] sd 6:0:0:0: sdd Attached SCSI removable disk
  3. Use the dd utility to write the image.

    # dd if=/path/to/Fedora-Live-Security-x86_64-21.iso of=/dev/sdd

    Pay extreme attention to the source (if=) and target (of=) device. The dd command destroys all data on the target device. If you made a mistake, you could lose important data.

Creating a Boot CD or DVD

In addition to creating a bootable USB flash drive, you can also use the provided ISO images to create bootable optical media (a CD or DVD). This approach may be necessary when installing Fedora on an older system which cannot boot from USB.

The exact steps you need to take to burn a bootable CD or DVD from an ISO image will vary depending on what disc burning software you use. This procedure only offers a general overview.

  1. Insert a blank CD or DVD into your system’s CD or DVD burner.

  2. Open your system’s burning software - for example, Brasero on Fedora systems with GNOME desktop environment, or Nero on Windows systems. In the software’s main menu, find an option which lets you burn an ISO image to a disc. For example, in Brasero, this option is Burn image in the main menu on the left side of the window.

  3. When prompted, select the ISO image of Fedora to be burned, and the CD or DVD burner with a blank disc inside (if you have more than one drive).

  4. Confirm your selection, and wait for the disc to be burned.